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Acute and chronic lipopolysaccharide-induced stress changes expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes in the rat brain region-specifically and affects learning and memory.
Zaichenko MI, Philenko P, Sidorina V, Grigoryan GA (2023) Acute and chronic lipopolysaccharide-induced stress changes expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes in the rat brain region-specifically and affects learning and memory. Biochemistry Moscow 88:526-538. doi: 10.1134/S0006297923040089
Objective: Goal of the work was to conduct comparative analysis of the effects of acute and chronic lipopolysaccharide- induced stress on the behavior of rats in the Morris water maze test and on expression of mRNA of proinflammatory cytokines and BDNF in different brain structures.
Summary: Chronic stress, depression, and other neuropsychiatric disorders have been often associated with inflammation processes and activity of the brain immune system. In order to investigate association of neuroinflammation with such disorders the model of proinflammatory bacterial lipopolysaccharide intoxication was used. In the experiments with rats, acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced stress improved learning in the Morris water maze and caused substantial increase of the TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA concentrations in the hippocampus and amygdala, but not in the frontal lobe in comparison with the control animals. Hprt and Ywhaz genes were selected for use as molecular biology reference genes based on the analysis of the rat hippocampus transcriptome from the work done by Dobryakova, Y.V. et. al (2018) Intracerebroventricular administration of 192IgG-saporin alters expression of microglia-associated genes in the dorsal but not ventral hippocampus.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
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Targeting nociceptive and cholinergic nerves in irradiated oropharyngeal cancer model reveals novel mechanism for dysphagia
Myers B, Islam S, Gleber Netto FO, Debnath KC, Srivastava S, Xie T, Akhter S, Adebayo AA, Miller J, Lothumalia S, Sathiskumar HN, Amit M (2024) Targeting nociceptive and cholinergic nerves in irradiated oropharyngeal cancer model reveals novel mechanism for dysphagia. Cancer Neuroscience Symposium
Objective: Explore the hypothesis that modulation of cholinergic (CHAT+) and nociceptive (CGRP+) neurons correlate with improved dysphagia.
Summary: Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common types of head and neck cancer. Treatment for OPSCC includes surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of therapies. Despite advances in treatment, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) is still a major burden for patients with OPSCC. The study established a novel murine OPSCC model to explore the role of nerves in dysphagia with cholinergic (CHAT) and nociceptive (CGRP) neurons playing an important role in swallowing outcomes. Targeting CHAT and CGRP could be a novel strategy for OPSCC patients with dysphagia.
Usage: 500 ng of Anti-ChAT-SAP was injected into the trigeminal ganglion in mice.
Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42)
A role for thalamic projection GABAergic neurons in circadian responses to light
Brock O, Gelegen CE, Sully P, Salgarella I, Jager P, Menage L, Mehta I, Jęczmień-Łazur J, Djama D, Strother L, Coculla A, Vernon A, Brickley S, Holland P, Cooke S, Delogu A (2022) A role for thalamic projection GABAergic neurons in circadian responses to light. J Neurosci doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0112-21.2022 PMID: 36280260
Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38), Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N39)
A century searching for the neurons necessary for wakefulness
Grady FS, Boes AD, Geerling JC (2022) A century searching for the neurons necessary for wakefulness. Front Neurosci 16:930514. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.930514
Objective: This review article attempts to summarize research that has investigated the neurons necessary for wakefulness.
Summary: The authors summarize animal experiments and research performed in different brain regions to further understand wakefulness. Several saporin conjugates are discussed.
Usage: Lesions of the basal forebrain were done by injecting a 0.1% solution of either 192-IgG-SAP or Orexin-SAP at four different sites (Fuller et al. and Geraschenko et al.); Intraventricular injection of Anti-DBH-SAP (Gompf et al.); Bilateral injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Kaur et al.).
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
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- Fuller P et al. Reassessment of the structural basis of the ascending arousal system. J Comp Neurol 519(5):933-956, 2011.
- Gerashchenko D et al. Insomnia following hypocretin2-saporin lesions of the substantia nigra. Neuroscience 137(1):29-36, 2006.
- Gompf HS et al. Locus ceruleus and anterior cingulate cortex sustain wakefulness in a novel environment. J Neurosci 30(43):14543-14551, 2010.
- Kaur S et al. Effects of ibotenate and 192IgG-saporin lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis/substantia innominata on spontaneous sleep and wake states and on recovery sleep after sleep deprivation in rats. J Neurosci 28:491-504, 2008.
Sensory and motor visual functions in Parkinson’s Disease with respect to freezing of gait symptoms
Alhassan M (2022) Sensory and motor visual functions in Parkinson’s Disease with respect to freezing of gait symptoms. J Ophthalmol & Vis Sci 7(2):1069.
Objective: This review article summarizes the results from previous studies focusing on visual functions in Parkinson’s Disease patients.
Summary: Freezing of gait (FOG) is considered to be a motor disorder symptom that affects some Parkinson Disease (PD) patients; however, it is hypothesized that sensory systems may also be involved in FOG. Visual functions include high contrast visual acuity, low contrast visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, Vernier acuity, mesopic vision, stereopsis, motion perception, and vergence eye movements and are all affected in PD patients with FOG patients having more deficits in some of these functions. FOG patients also had impairments in non-dopaminergic mediated functions which suggests greater impairment in two functions that involve cholinergic neurotransmitters. 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. IT-01) was used to create a PD rat animal model to study the contribution of the cholinergic system to motor functions. It was found that the fall rates were more frequent in rats, that were injected with dual 192 IgG-saporin /6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) than rats with either isolated cholinergic or isolated dopaminergic lesions.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
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Mechanism of opioid addiction and its intervention therapy: Focusing on the reward circuitry and mu-opioid receptor
Zhang JJ, Song CG, Dai JM, Li L, Yang XM, Chen ZN (2022) Mechanism of opioid addiction and its intervention therapy: Focusing on the reward circuitry and mu-opioid receptor. MedComm 3(3):e148. doi: 10.1002/mco2.148 PMID: 35774845
Objective: To examine the mechanism of opioid addiction, with a specific focus on the reward circuitry and the role of the mu-opioid receptor, and to explore potential intervention therapies.
Summary: The authors discuss the neurobiological processes underlying addiction and highlight the importance of understanding these mechanisms in developing effective intervention therapies for opioid addiction.
Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12)
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Featured Article: Selective ablation of IB4+ primary afferent neurons reduces mechanical and cold hyperalgesia in an EAE mouse model of multiple sclerosis
Nguyen KL, Lamerand SR, Deshpande RP, Taylor BK (2021) Featured Article: Selective ablation of IB4+ primary afferent neurons reduces mechanical and cold hyperalgesia in an EAE mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Targeting Trends 22
Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.
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Female-specific mechanisms of nociplastic pain in murine model
Hankerd K (2021) Female-specific mechanisms of nociplastic pain in murine model. The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Dept Neuroscience Thesis.
Objective: To study nociplastic pain the authors developed a murine model in which postinjury thermal stimulation of injured area triggers the transition to a nociplastic pain state more readily in females.
Summary: Postinjury stimulation of an injured area triggers the transition from transient pain to nociplastic pain, females are more susceptible to this transition, and allyl isothiocyanate -sensitive afferents at the previously injured area maintain the nociplastic pain state in a female gonadal hormone-dependent manner.
Usage: Intrathecal injection of Mac-1-SAP (IT-06) 8.85 mM in mice.
Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06)
Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons selectively drive coordinated motor learning in mice
Li Y, Hollis E (2021) Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons selectively drive coordinated motor learning in mice. J Neurosci 41(49):10148-10160. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1152-21.2021 PMID: 34750228
Related Products: NGFr (mu p75) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N01AP), mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)
Intrahippocampal adeno-associated virus-mediated overexpression of nerve growth factor reverses 192IgG-saporin-induced impairments of hippocampal plasticity and behavior
Dobryakova YV, Spivak YS, Zaichenko MI, Koryagina AA, Markevich VA, Stepanichev MY, Bolshakov AP (2021) Intrahippocampal adeno-associated virus-mediated overexpression of nerve growth factor reverses 192IgG-saporin-induced impairments of hippocampal plasticity and behavior. Front Neurosci 15:745050. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.745050
Objective: Determine any beneficial effects of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated overexpression of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the hippocampus of rats with cholinergic loss.
Summary: 192-IgG-SAP was used to induce a rat animal model of cholinergic deficit. The authors concluded that NGF overexpression in the hippocampus after cholinergic loss induces beneficiall effects which are not related to maintenance of cholinergic function.
Usage: 1.5 mg of 192-IgG-SAP was injected into the medial septum area.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)