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Investigating anxiety-like behaviors and basolateral amygdala dysfunction in a novel rat model of Parkinson’s disease
Lipari NR (2025) Investigating anxiety-like behaviors and basolateral amygdala dysfunction in a novel rat model of Parkinson’s disease. SUNY Binghamton Thesis.
Objective: To create a unique model of PD with improved face validity, and non-motor symptoms.
Summary: This work helped further characterize motor and non-motor symptoms while providing potential underlying physiological markers for early disease course in a unique animal model of Parkinson’s disease (PD).
Usage: It has been demonstrated that lesioning of the basolateral amygdala with the targeted toxin stable substance P (SSP) saporin, a toxin that selectively lesions neurons which express neurokinin1 receptors, increases anxiety-like behaviors in rats.
Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)
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Research advances in dysphagia animal models
Bai J, Cheng K, Zhang N, Chen Y, Ni J, Wang Z (2025) Research advances in dysphagia animal models. Animal Model Exp Med doi: 10.1002/ame2.70054 PMID: 40566744
Objective: To summarize the establishment and evaluation of dysphagia animal models in stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and ALS, in three kinds of experimental animals, providing a basis for the selection of appropriate animal models of dysphagia.
Summary: There are very few studies of diseases such as stroke, PD, and ALS using other mammal and NHP dysphagia models. Moreover, there are substantial labor, cost, time, and ethics-related issues that limit the widespread use of these animal models in research. Nevertheless, large animal models serve as a crucial intermediary between rodent studies and clinical trials, significantly enhancing the translational potential of preclinical research findings.
Usage: Lori et al. used an ALS model created by intralingual injection of cholera toxin B conjugated to saporin (CTB-SAP) to induce apoptosis of sublingual motoneurons to study the effect of hypoglossal motor neuron death without many complications.
Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)
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From past to future: 50 years of pharmacological interventions to treat narcolepsy
Konofal E (2024) From past to future: 50 years of pharmacological interventions to treat narcolepsy. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 241:173804. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173804 PMID: 38852786
Objective: This review article discusses the historical progression and transformative insights that have characterized the treatment of narcolepsy from its initial documentation to the present day.
Summary: The research continues to push the boundaries of what is known about this complex sleep disorder, the hope for treatments that can fundamentally alter the disease trajectory becomes increasingly tangible. This paradigm shift towards addressing the autoimmune, neuroinflammatory, and neurodegenerative aspects of narcolepsy promises to revolutionize patient care.
Usage: See also these references using Orexin-B-SAP (IT-20) to create a narcoleptic-like rat model via LH lesions.
See Also:
- Gerashchenko D et al. Hypocretin-2-saporin lesions of the lateral hypothalamus produce narcoleptic-like sleep behavior in the rat. J Neurosci 21(18):7273-7283, 2001.
- Gerashchenko K et al. Effects of lateral hypothalamic lesion with the neurotoxin hypocretin-2-saporin on sleep in Long-Evans rats. Neuroscience 116:223-235, 2003.
Approach/avoidance behavior to novel objects is correlated with the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems in the brown rat (rattus norvegicus)
Kiyokawa Y, Ootaki M, Kambe Y, Tanaka KD, Kimura G, Tanikawa T, Takeuchi Y (2024) Approach/avoidance behavior to novel objects is correlated with the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems in the brown rat (rattus norvegicus). Neuroscience 549:110-120. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.05.003 PMID: 38723837
Objective: To compare the dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems immunohistochemically among rats.
Summary: The serotonergic system suppresses avoidance behavior, while the dopaminergic system enhances approach behavior to novel objects.
Usage: Immunohistochemistry (1:5000) Anti‐CRH antibody (AB‐02).
Related Products: Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-02)
Substance P-botulinum mediates long-term silencing of pain pathways that can be re-instated with a second injection of the construct in mice
Maiarù M, Leese C, Silva-Hucha S, Fontana-Giusti S, Tait L, Tamagnini F, Davletov B, Hunt SP (2024) Substance P-botulinum mediates long-term silencing of pain pathways that can be re-instated with a second injection of the construct in mice. J Pain 25(6):104466. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2024.01.331 PMID: 38218509
Summary: The authors discuss how Substance P-Botulinum is used to try to replicate the permanent results achieved with Substance P-Saporin (SP-SAP, SSP-SAP).
Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)
See Also:
- Mantyh PW et al. Inhibition of hyperalgesia by ablation of lamina I spinal neurons expressing the substance P receptor. Science 278:275-279, 1997.
- Nichols ML et al. Transmission of chronic nociception by spinal neurons expressing the substance P receptor. Science 286:1558-1561, 1999.
- Brown DC et al. Intrathecal substance p-saporin in the dog: efficacy in bone cancer pain. Anesthesiology 119(5):1178-1185, 2013.
- Wiley RG et al. Anti-nociceptive effects of selectively destroying substance P receptor-expressing dorsal horn neurons using [Sar(9),Met(O(2))(11)]-substance P-saporin: Behavioral and anatomical analyses. Neuroscience 146:1333-1345, 2007.
- Vierck CJ et al. Comparison of operant escape and innate reflex responses to nociceptive skin temperatures produced by heat and cold stimulation of rats. Behav Neurosci. 2004;118(3):627-35.
Targeting nociceptive and cholinergic nerves in irradiated oropharyngeal cancer model reveals novel mechanism for dysphagia
Myers B, Islam S, Gleber Netto FO, Debnath KC, Srivastava S, Xie T, Akhter S, Adebayo AA, Miller J, Lothumalia S, Sathiskumar HN, Amit M (2023) Targeting nociceptive and cholinergic nerves in irradiated oropharyngeal cancer model reveals novel mechanism for dysphagia. Cancer Neuroscience Symposium
Objective: Explore the hypothesis that modulation of cholinergic (CHAT+) and nociceptive (CGRP+) neurons correlate with improved dysphagia.
Summary: Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common types of head and neck cancer. Treatment for OPSCC includes surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of therapies. Despite advances in treatment, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) is still a major burden for patients with OPSCC. The study established a novel murine OPSCC model to explore the role of nerves in dysphagia with cholinergic (CHAT) and nociceptive (CGRP) neurons playing an important role in swallowing outcomes. Targeting CHAT and CGRP could be a novel strategy for OPSCC patients with dysphagia.
Usage: 500 ng of Anti-ChAT-SAP was injected into the trigeminal ganglion in mice.
Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42)
Uncovering central and peripheral pain mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease
Silva AR (2022) Uncovering central and peripheral pain mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease. King’s College London Thesis.
Objective: To investigate alterations within the nociceptive pathways, under neuropathic pain conditions.
Summary: The data suggest a disrupted opioidergic tone in TASTPM mice, which followed by peripheral nerve injury, is mediated by peripheral immune cells.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)
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A century searching for the neurons necessary for wakefulness
Grady FS, Boes AD, Geerling JC (2022) A century searching for the neurons necessary for wakefulness. Front Neurosci 16:930514. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.930514
Objective: This review article attempts to summarize research that has investigated the neurons necessary for wakefulness.
Summary: The authors summarize animal experiments and research performed in different brain regions to further understand wakefulness. Several saporin conjugates are discussed.
Usage: Lesions of the basal forebrain were done by injecting a 0.1% solution of either 192-IgG-SAP or Orexin-SAP at four different sites (Fuller et al. and Geraschenko et al.); Intraventricular injection of Anti-DBH-SAP (Gompf et al.); Bilateral injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Kaur et al.).
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
See Also:
- Fuller P et al. Reassessment of the structural basis of the ascending arousal system. J Comp Neurol 519(5):933-956, 2011.
- Gerashchenko D et al. Insomnia following hypocretin2-saporin lesions of the substantia nigra. Neuroscience 137(1):29-36, 2006.
- Gompf HS et al. Locus ceruleus and anterior cingulate cortex sustain wakefulness in a novel environment. J Neurosci 30(43):14543-14551, 2010.
- Kaur S et al. Effects of ibotenate and 192IgG-saporin lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis/substantia innominata on spontaneous sleep and wake states and on recovery sleep after sleep deprivation in rats. J Neurosci 28:491-504, 2008.
Mechanism of opioid addiction and its intervention therapy: Focusing on the reward circuitry and mu-opioid receptor
Zhang JJ, Song CG, Dai JM, Li L, Yang XM, Chen ZN (2022) Mechanism of opioid addiction and its intervention therapy: Focusing on the reward circuitry and mu-opioid receptor. MedComm 3(3):e148. doi: 10.1002/mco2.148 PMID: 35774845
Objective: To examine the mechanism of opioid addiction, with a specific focus on the reward circuitry and the role of the mu-opioid receptor, and to explore potential intervention therapies.
Summary: The authors discuss the neurobiological processes underlying addiction and highlight the importance of understanding these mechanisms in developing effective intervention therapies for opioid addiction.
Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12)
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Featured Article: Selective ablation of IB4+ primary afferent neurons reduces mechanical and cold hyperalgesia in an EAE mouse model of multiple sclerosis
Nguyen KL, Lamerand SR, Deshpande RP, Taylor BK (2021) Featured Article: Selective ablation of IB4+ primary afferent neurons reduces mechanical and cold hyperalgesia in an EAE mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Targeting Trends 22
Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.
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