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Activation of spinal dorsal horn astrocytes by noxious stimuli involves descending noradrenergic signaling
Kawanabe R, Yoshihara K, Hatada I, Tsuda M (2021) Activation of spinal dorsal horn astrocytes by noxious stimuli involves descending noradrenergic signaling. Mol Brain 14(1):79. doi: 10.1186/s13041-021-00788-5
Summary: Astrocytes are critical regulators of neuronal function in the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) increase intracellular Ca2+ levels following intraplantar injection of the noxious irritant, formalin, however the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The authors investigated these mechanisms by focusing on the role of descending noradrenergic (NAergic). Activation of α1A-adrenaline receptors via descending LC-NAergic signals may be a common mechanism underlying astrocytic Ca2+ responses in the SDH evoked by noxious stimuli, including chemical irritants
Usage: Intrathecal treatment with Anti-DBH-SAP, which kills SDH-projecting NAergic neurons, attenuates formalin pain (5.0 µg/20 µl; Martin et al., 1999)
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)
Developments in understanding diffuse noxious inhibitory controls: pharmacological evidence from pre-clinical research
Kucharczyk MW, Valiente D, Bannister K (2021) Developments in understanding diffuse noxious inhibitory controls: pharmacological evidence from pre-clinical research. J Pain Res 14:1083-1095. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S258602
Summary: This review discusses the pharmacological manipulation interrogation strategies that have been used to examine the functionality of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) and descending control of nociception (DCN).
Usage: Anti-DBH-SAP is one of the drugs tested to influence DNIC expression. They reference a publication that reported that icv injection of Anti-DBH-SAP abolished DCN expression. Anti-DBH-SAP (5 μg/5 μl) was injected in the left ventricle. Lesion of the LC resulted in failure of DNIC, an effect that mimics what is observed behaviorally after chronic TBI.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)
CSF-CN contributes to cancer-induced bone pain via the MKP-1-mediated MAPK pathway
Chen P, Pan M, Lin QS, Lin XZ, Lin Z (2021) CSF-CN contributes to cancer-induced bone pain via the MKP-1-mediated MAPK pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 547:36-43. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.010
Summary: Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting nucleus (CSF–CN) has been reported to be involved in the development of neuropathic pain and inflammatory pain. This study aimed to see whether it also has a role in cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP). Targeted ablation of CSF-CN dramatically aggravated pain sensitivity.
Usage: Injection via icv of CTB-SAP was performed to “knockout” the CSF-CN.
Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)
Reciprocal interactions between osteoclasts and nociceptive sensory neurons in bone cancer pain
Andriessen AS, Donnelly CR, Ji RR (2021) Reciprocal interactions between osteoclasts and nociceptive sensory neurons in bone cancer pain. Pain Rep 6(1):e867. doi: 10.1097/PR9.0000000000000867
Summary: Current pharmacotherapies available for bone cancer pain are insufficient to provide safe and efficacious pain relief. The authors discuss the mechanisms used by cancer cells within the bone tumor microenvironment (TME) to drive bone cancer pain.
Usage: Microglial ablation using Mac-1-SAP (15 μg in 8.8 μl i.t.) and Saporin control (Cat. #PR-01, 8.8 μg in 8.8 μl), is sufficient to attenuate nerve injury-induced pain in male, but not female mice.
Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Neuroimmune interactions and osteoarthritis pain: focus on macrophages
Geraghty T, Winter DR, Miller RJ, Miller RE, Malfait AM (2021) Neuroimmune interactions and osteoarthritis pain: focus on macrophages. Pain Rep 6(1):e892. doi: 10.1097/PR9.0000000000000892
Summary: The contribution of macrophages to osteoarthritis (OA) joint damage has garnered much attention in recent years. The authors discuss how macrophages participate in the initiation and maintenance of pain in OA and provide a review of preclinical models of OA.
Usage: Using the rat monoiodoacetate-induced (MIA) model of advanced knee OA, increased microglia were observed in the ipsilateral and contralateral dorsal horn by day 7; specific ablation of spinal microglia through intrathecal injections of Mac-1-SAP (15 mcg per intrathecal injection on days 0, 1, and 2), attenuated mechanical allodynia by days 5 and 7 after MIA.
Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06)
Targeting spinal neuropeptide Y1 receptor-expressing interneurons to alleviate chronic pain and itch
Nelson TS, Taylor BK (2021) Targeting spinal neuropeptide Y1 receptor-expressing interneurons to alleviate chronic pain and itch. Prog Neurobiol 196:101894. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101894
Summary: Intrathecal administration of NPY-SAP reduced several operant and cognitive measures of Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced allodynia, including responsiveness to cold temperatures, feeding interference, and an escape task, but did not interfere with systemic morphine-induced analgesia. (Wiley et al.) Similar to the spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain, NPY-SAP dose-dependently reduced the development of mechanical allodynia (hindpaw withdrawal response to von Frey filaments), mechanical hyperalgesia (response to blunt pin), and cold allodynia (hindpaw withdrawal response duration to acetone droplet evaporation). (Nelson et al.) Together, these directed lesion studies support the idea that the Y1-IN subpopulation of dorsal horn neurons is necessary for the maintenance of both mechanical and cold modalities of nociceptive transmission in chronic pain states.
Related Products: NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28)
See Also:
- Wiley RG et al. Neuropeptide Y receptor-expressing dorsal horn neurons: role in nocifensive reflex responses to heat and formalin. Neuroscience 161:139-147, 2009.
- Nelson TS et al. Facilitation of neuropathic pain by the NPY Y1 receptor-expressing subpopulation of excitatory interneurons in the dorsal horn. Sci Rep 9(1):7248, 2019.
Chronic pain in dogs (Dolor crónico en el perro)
Puente BR (2021) Chronic pain in dogs (Dolor crónico en el perro). Zaragoza Spain: Gruppo Asis Biomedia, S. L..
Summary: The author presents a thorough overview of aspects of canine chronic pain. He includes SP-SAP (Substance P-Saporin) as an experimental drug, “its use as an adjuvant analgesic in dogs with bone cancer has been studied,”
Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07)
See Also:
Spinal microglia-neuron interactions in chronic pain.
Ho IHT, Chan MTV, Wu WKK, Liu X (2020) Spinal microglia-neuron interactions in chronic pain. J Leukoc Biol 108:1575-1592. doi: 10.1002/JLB.3MR0520-695R
Summary: Spinal microglial activation is initiated shortly and persisted for more than 3 mo after partial sciatic nerve ligation. Intrathecal injection of Mac1-SAP, a saporin-conjugated anti-CD11b antibody to deplete microglia, abolished cold and mechanical allodynia for 2–12 wk after injury,92 supporting the role of activated microglia for chronic pain maintenance.
Related Products: Mac-1-SAP rat (Cat. #IT-33)
See Also:
Loss of diffuse noxious inhibitory control after traumatic brain injury in rats: A chronic issue
Irvine KA, Sahbaie P, Ferguson AR, Clark JD (2020) Loss of diffuse noxious inhibitory control after traumatic brain injury in rats: A chronic issue. Exp Neurol 333:113428. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113428
Objective: To confirm hypothesis that dysfunctional descending noradrenergic and serotonergic pain control circuits may contribute to the loss of diffuse noxious inhibitory control (DNIC), a critical endogenous pain control mechanism, weeks to months after traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Summary: Results suggest that TBI causes maladaptation of descending nociceptive signaling mechanisms and changes in the function of both adrenergic and serotonergic circuits. Such changes could predispose those with TBI to chronic pain.
Usage: Anti-DBH-SAP (5 μg/5 μl) was injected in the left ventricle. Lesion of the LC resulted in failure of DNIC, an effect that mimics what is observed behaviorally after chronic TBI.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)
Molecular genetics of kappa opioids in pain and itch sensations
Tseng PY, Hoon MA (2020) Molecular genetics of kappa opioids in pain and itch sensations. Handb Exp Pharmacol . doi: 10.1007/164_2020_397
Summary: The authors review the functions of the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) and its endogenous agonists dynorphins in modulating itch and pain. Nppb-SAP ablation of neurons expressing the Natriuretic olypeptide B receptor greatly reduced itch responses evoked by histamine or by intrathecal administration of Nppb, suggesting that these neurons transmit itch signals from Nppb primary afferents.
Related Products: Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69)