2018 Targeting Trends Review

Ljubojevic V, Luu P, Gill PR, Beckett L-A, Takehara-Nishiuchi K, De Rosa E (2018) Cholinergic modulation of frontoparietal cortical network dynamics supporting supramodal attention. J Neurosci 38:3988-4005. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2350-17.2018

Objective: To examine whether neurochemical acetylcholine (ACh) contributes to a state of readiness for target detection, by engaging frontoparietal cortical attentional networks independent of modality.

Summary: ACh supported alerting attention to an impending presentation of either visual or olfactory targets. Enhanced stimulus detection was associated with an anticipatory increase in power in the beta oscillation range prior to the target’s appearance within the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) as well as increased synchrony. In beta, this was also detected between the prefrontal cortex and PPC. ACh may act, in a supramodal manner, to prepare frontoparietal cortical attentional networks for target detection.

Usage: The ACh-NBM-lesioned rats received an injection of 0.2 μl of 0.3 μg/μl 192 IgG-SAP

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Zhang Q, De Corte B, Jung D, Kim Y, Geerling J, Narayanan N (2018) Cholinergic modulation targeting medial prefrontal cortex leads to behavior deficit in interval timing task. Neurology 90 (15 Supplement):P5.195.

Objective: To determine the effect of cholinergic lesion targeting medial prefrontal cortex on interval timing behavior.

Summary: Mice receiving medial prefrontal mu-p75-saporin injection performed poorly compared to control mice in interval timing task. Cholinergic lesion targeting medial prefrontal cortex caused interval timing behavior deficit in wild type mice.

Usage: mu-p75-SAP, a toxin targeting cholinergic neurons, into the bilateral medial prefrontal cortical regions of wild type mice pre-trained in interval timing task. Control mice (also pre-trained in interval timing task, n=8) received stereotactic injection of Rabbit IgG-SAP.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)

Chen SX, Wang SK, Yao PW, Liao GJ, Na XD, Li YY, Zeng WA, Liu XG, Zang Y (2018) Early CALP2 expression and microglial activation are potential inducers of spinal IL-6 upregulation and bilateral pain following motor nerve injury. J Neurochem 145:154-169. doi: 10.1111/jnc.14317

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP rat (Cat. #IT-33)

Watanabe S, Sakurai T, Nakamura S, Miyoshi K, Sato M (2018) The combinational use of CRISPR/Cas9 and targeted toxin technology enables efficient isolation of bi-allelic knockout non-human mammalian clones. Int J Mol Sci 19:E1075. doi: 10.3390/ijms19041075

Objective: Most genome editing systems employ transient treatment with selective drugs such as puromycin to obtain the desired genome-edited cells, which often allows some untransfected cells to survive and decreases the efficiency of generating genome-edited cells. The authors developed a novel targeted toxin-based drug-free selection system for the enrichment of genome-edited cells.

Summary: Results indicate that a combination of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and targeted toxin technology using IB4-SAP allows efficient enrichment of genome-edited clones, particularly bi-allelic KO clones.

Usage: Cells were trypsinized 3 days after transfection and approximately 80% were incubated for 30 min at 37°C in a solution (25 mcL) containing 0.5–1.0 mcg IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10).

Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10)

Song SY, Zhang LC (2018) The establishment of a CSF-contacting nucleus “knockout” model animal. Front Neuroanat 12:22. doi: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00022

Objective: To establish a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting nucleus-deficient model animal using cholera toxin B subunit-saporin (CTB-SAP).

Summary: The complete ablation occurred by Day 7 after CTB-SAP microinjection. A model animal that had no CSF-contacting nucleus was established after survival beyond that time point. No obvious effects were observed in the vital status of the model animals, and their survival was ensured. The common physiological parameters of model animals were stable. The present study provides a method to establish a CSF-contacting nucleus “knockout” model animal, which is similar to a gene knockout model animal for studying this particular nucleus in vivo.

Usage: 3 μl (500 ng) CTB-SAP was microinjected into the lateral ventricle.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Patrone LGA, Biancardi V, Marques DA, Bícego KC, Gargaglioni LH (2018) Brainstem catecholaminergic neurones and breathing control during postnatal development in male and female rats. J Physiol 596(15):3299-3325. doi: 10.1113/JP275731

Objective: To determine the role of the brainstem CA system in ventilatory control under normocapnic and hypercapnic conditions during different phases of development (P7-8, P14-15 and P20-21) in male and female Wistar rats.

Summary: Brainstem CA neurones produce a tonic inhibitory drive that affects breathing frequency in P7-8 rats and provide an inhibitory drive during hypercapnic conditions in both males and females at P7-8 and P14-15.

Usage: Anti-DBH-SAP (420 ng/μL – 1 μL for P0-1; 1.5 μL for P7-8; 2.0 μL for P13-14) was injected into the 4th ventricle of neonatal Wistar rats of both sexes. Control rats were injected with vehicle (PBS, 0.01 M, pH 7.4) or unconjugated saporin (Cat. #PR-01), with respective volumes for each age, as described for the Anti-DBH-SAP group. All injections were performed using a microinjector pump over a period of 5 min to allow drug diffusion.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Doyle S, Baker KL, Cunningham C, Lowry JP (2018) Real‐time electrochemical monitoring of choline during systemic inflammation in the freely‐ moving mouse. Monitoring Molecules in Neuroscience . 17th International Conference, Oxford, UK

Summary: The loss of cholinergic innervation (mu p75‐SAP lesion in the basal forebrain) abolished the scopolamine‐induced choline increase in the hippocampus.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

Morgan BJ, Schrimpf N, Rothman M, Mitzey A, Brownfield MS, Speth RC, Dopp JM (2018) Effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia on angiotensin II receptors in the central nervous system. Clin Exp Hypertens 41:1-7. doi: 10.1080/10641963.2018.1451536 PMID: 29561178

Objective: To quantify the effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) on AT1R- and AT2R-like immunoreactivity in the rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM) and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), central regions that are important components of the extended chemoreflex pathway.

Summary: Exposure to CIH of at least 5 days duration augmented AT1R-like immunoreactivity in RVLM. In contrast, CIH exposure did not affect AT2R-like reactivity in RVLM or that of either Ang II receptor subtype in PVN.

Usage: Immunoreactivity, immunostaining. For immunoreactivity assays, antibodies were diluted in the blocking solution with 0.05% sodium azide at the following concentrations: AT-1R, (1:1600) and AT-2R, (1:5000).

Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-1R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N27AP), Angiotensin II receptor (AT-2R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N28AP)

Wong JCY, Smyllie NJ, Banks GT, Pothecary CA, Barnard AR, Maywood ES, Jagannath A, Hughes S, van der Horst GTJ, MacLaren RE, Hankins MW, Hastings MH, Nolan PM, Foster RG, Peirson SN (2018) Differential roles for cryptochromes in the mammalian retinal clock. FASEB J 32:4302-4314. doi: 10.1096/fj.201701165RR PMID: 29561690

Objective: To determine roles of cryptochromes (CRY) in the retinal clock.

Summary: Data suggest that CRY1 is an essential component of the mammalian retinal clock, whereas CRY2 has a more limited role.

Usage: Immunohistochemistry 1:2500.

Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38)

Huang J, Polgár E, Solinski HJ, Mishra SK, Tseng PY, Iwagaki N, Boyle KA, Dickie AC, Kriegbaum MC, Wildner H, Zeilhofer HU, Watanabe M, Riddell JS, Todd AJ, Hoon MA (2018) Circuit dissection of the role of somatostatin in itch and pain. Nat Neurosci 21(5):707-716. doi: 10.1038/s41593-018-0119-z

Objective: To determine the role of somatostatin in itch and pain.

Summary: Results define the neural circuit underlying somatostatin-induced itch and characterize a contrasting antinociceptive role for the peptide.

Usage: Ablation of Npr1- and GRPR-expressing spinal cord interneurons was accomplished by intrathecal (segment L3/4) injection of Nppb-SAP (4 μg/10 μL) and Bombesin-SAP (2.5 μg) respectively.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69)