2015 Targeting Trends Review

Murray R, Logan M, Horner K (2015) Striatal patch compartment lesions reduce stereotypy following repeated cocaine administration. Brain Res 1618:286-298. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.06.012

Summary: Stereotypy is defined as abnormally repetitive motor movements accompanied by an inability to initiate normal adaptive responses. Psychostimulants such as cocaine will often produce these movements. It is thought that stereotypy is related to activation of the patch compartment of the striatum. In order to better understand the function of the patch compartment in stereotypy due to repeated exposure to cocaine, the authors administered bilateral injections of Dermorphin-SAP (Cat. #IT-12) into the rostral striatum. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control.

Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Li A, Wang Q, Davis H, Wang R, Ritter S (2015) Orexin-A enhances feeding in male rats by activating hindbrain catecholamine neurons. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 309:R358-367. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00065.2015

Summary: Although administration of orexin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine all induce significantly increased food intake, the potential interaction between the networks affected by these molecules has not been studied. In this work, the authors investigate the hypothesis that orexin neurons may stimulate feeding through the activation of catecholamine neurons. Rats received 82-ng injections of Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the hypothalamus in order to lesion hypothalamically-projecting catecholamine neurons. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. While the normal response to orexin A is increased food intake, lesioned animals did not display this response, indicating that catecholamine neurons are necessary for orexin modulation of food intake.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Li J, Pan Y, Zhang B, Chen Q (2015) Macrophages are needed in the progression of tuberculosis into lung cancer. Tumour Biol 36:6063-6066. doi: 10.1007/s13277-015-3283-8

Summary: Approximately 30% of lung carcinomas also have tuberculosis lesions. The authors investigated the potential link between inflammatory processes and cancer in the lung. Mice with established tuberculosis infections received weekly 20 μg tail vein injections of Mac-1-SAP (Cat. #IT-06) in order to eliminate macrophages. Six months later the mice receiving Mac-1-SAP had a significantly lower incidence of lung carcinoma than control animals.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06)

McHugh S, Francis A, McAuley J, Stewart A, Baxter M, Bannerman D (2015) Hippocampal acetylcholine depletion has no effect on anxiety, spatial novelty preference, or differential reward for low rates of responding (DRL) performance in rats. Behav Neurosci 129:491-501. doi: 10.1037/bne0000072

Summary: It is unclear whether cholinergic lesions in the hippocampus affect both learning and behavior, or learning only. In this study the authors lesioned cholinergic neurons in the medial septum/vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca of rats with bilateral 30-ng injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01). Although hippocampal cholinergic innervations were significantly reduced, with a concomitant reduction in choline acetyltransferase activity, the lesioned animals did not perform differently in several behavioral tests. The data do not provide evidence that the septo-hippocampal cholingeric projections play a role in anxiety, spatial novelty preference, or differential reward for low rates of responding tests.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Xing D, Wu Y, Li G, Song S, Liu Y, Liu H, Wang X, Fei Y, Zhang C, Li Y, Zhang L (2015) Role of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting nucleus in sodium sensing and sodium appetite. Physiol Behav 147:291-299. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.04.034

Summary: Sodium concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is tightly regulated, and this regulation requires numerous sensors spread throughout the brain. Here the authors injected 900 ng CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14) into the lateral ventricles. Investigation of spontaneous and induced sodium intake indicates the CSF-contacting nucleus is an important link in the sodium sensing network, and interacts with the lateral parabrachial nucleus.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Oyamaguchi A, Abe T, Sugiyo S, Niwa H, Takemura M (2016) Selective elimination of isolectin B4-binding trigeminal neurons enhanced formalin-induced nocifensive behavior in the upper lip of rats and c-Fos expression in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis. Neurosci Res 103:40-47. doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.07.007

Summary: In adult rats non-peptidergic neurons and peptidergic neurons innervate different areas and layers of the lamina. It is thought that these two neuronal populations play different roles in nociceptive processing, but the specific function of each group is not well understood. In order to investigate peptidergic and non-peptidergic neurons in orofacial pain processing the authors injected the cisterna magna of rats with 2.9 μg of rIB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10). Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. The lesioned animals displayed more frequent face-rubbing responses on the administration of formalin, indicating that IB4-binding neurons in the trigeminal nerve play an anti-nociceptive role in response to this type of pain.

Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

King T, Ruyle B, Kline D, Heesch C, Hasser E (2015) Catecholaminergic neurons projecting to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus are essential for cardiorespiratory adjustments to hypoxia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 309:R721-731. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00540.2014

Summary: Catecholaminergic neurons in the brainstem are known to be involved in cardiorespiratory control and to modulate sensory function. Some of the projections from these neurons are to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and are involved in cardiorespiratory and neuroendocrine responses to hypoxia. While data have shown the PVN-projecting neurons are activated by hypoxia, their function in this context is not known. In this work the authors bilaterally injected 42 ng of Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the PVN of rats. Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as control. Respiratory measurements of the lesioned animals indicates that PVN-projecting catecholaminergic neurons are involved in peripheral and central chemoreflex and arterial oxygen levels during exposure to hypoxic stimuli.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Akiyama T, Nguyen T, Curtis E, Nishida K, Devireddy J, Delahanty J, Carstens M, Carstens E (2015) A central role for spinal dorsal horn neurons that express neurokinin-1 receptors in chronic itch. Pain 156:1240-1246. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000172

Summary: Chronic itch is caused by increased sensitivity of itch-signaling pathways. It can be generated by normally itchy stimuli (hyperknesis) and by normally non-itchy light touch (alloknesis). The authors used an ovalbumin-induced atopic dermatitis model to study chronic itch in mice. The mice received 400-ng intrathecal injections of Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), or the control Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21). While Bombesin-SAP significantly attenuated hyperknesis, it had no effect on spontaneous scratching or alloknesis. SSP-SAP reduced all behavioral signs of chronic itch.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Bourassa E, Stedenfeld K, Sved A, Speth R (2015) Selective C1 lesioning slightly decreases angiotensin II type I receptor expression in the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Neurochem Res 40:2113-2120. doi: 10.1007/s11064-015-1649-3

Summary: Exogenous angiotensin II administered to the RVLM produces a significant pressor response that can be countered by angiotensin II type I receptor antagonists. In this work the authors examined the relative contribution of C1 and non-C1 neurons in the RVLM to this angiotensin II response. Rats received 10 or 15 ng of Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) as unilateral injections into the RVLM. Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as control. The data indicate that the majority of angiotensin II type 1 receptors are expressed on non-C1 neurons or glia.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Garcia-Castillo M, Tran T, Bobard A, Renard H, Rathjen S, Dransart E, Stechmann B, Lamaze C, Lord M, Cintrat J, Enninga J, Tartour E, Johannes L (2015) Retrograde transport is not required for cytosolic translocation of the B-subunit of Shiga toxin. J Cell Sci 128:2373-2387. doi: 10.1242/jcs.169383

Summary: Bacterial and plant toxins rely on various trafficking pathways to reach intracellular targets. Shiga and Shiga-like toxins have been found to be moved via vesicular transport through several subcellular structures on the way to the cytosol. Shiga toxin (STx) is the cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome, for which there is no effective treatment. In order to better understand the mechanisms of STx membrane translocation the authors used a custom conjugate of the receptor-binding B-subunit of STx (STxB) and saporin (Custom conjugation provided by Advanced Targeting Systems). In vitro assays demonstrated that STxB-SAP did not use retrograde transport to the Golgi complex in order to reach the cytosol. This information has relevance to antigen cross-presentation of antigen-presenting cells.

Related Products: Custom Conjugates