targeted-toxins

Murtazina AR, Dilmukhametova LK, Nikishina YO, Sapronova AY, Volina EV, Ugrumov MV (2017) Changes in the secretory activity of organs producing noradrenaline upon inhibition of its synthesis in neonatal rat brain. Russ J Dev Biol 48:295-300.. doi: 10.1134/S1062360417050058

Summary: This study demonstrates that synthesis of noradrenaline after destruction of noradrenergic neurons was switched off by stereotactically injecting Anti-DBH-SAP (0.5 μg/2 μL; Cat #IT-03) into the lateral brain ventricle of neonatal rats. Forty-eight hours after treatment, expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene in the brain was 56% higher, 53% higher in the adrenal glands, and 55.8% higher in the organ of Zuckerkandl as compared to control (2 μL of 0.9% NaCl).

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Challet E (2017) Circadian aspects of adipokine regulation in rodents. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 31:573-582. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2017.09.003

Summary: This paper reviews reciprocal links between the circadian clocks and rhythmic secretion of leptin, and discusses the metabolic impact of circadian desynchronization and altered rhythmic leptin.  The authors report that leptin is well-known to modulate the timing of food intake by its anorectic effects mostly mediated by the arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus.  They cite a report by Li et al. demonstrating damage to the arcuate neurons expressing leptin receptors by local injections of Leptin-SAP (Cat. #IT-47) leads to hyperphagia coupled to arrhythmic pattern of feeding.

Related Products: Leptin-SAP (Cat. #IT-47)

See Also:

• Li AJ et al. Leptin-sensitive neurons in the arcuate nuclei contribute to endogenous feeding rhythms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 302(11):R1313-26, 2012.

Echeverry S, Shi XQ, Yang M, Huang H, Wu Y, Lorenzo L-E, Perez-Sanchez J, Bonin RP, De Koninck Y, Zhang J (2017) Spinal microglia are required for long-term maintenance of neuropathic pain. Pain 158:1792-1801.. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000982

Summary: Selective depletion of spinal microglia in male rats with the targeted immunotoxin Mac-1-SAP and blockade of brain derived neurotrophic factor–TrkB signalling with intrathecal TrkB Fc chimera, but not cytokine inhibition, almost completely reversed pain hypersensitivity.  To selectively deplete microglia in the spinal cord, Mac-1-SAP was injected intrathecally.  In each group, rats received either an intrathecal injection of 12 mg/7 mL of Mac-1-SAP (n = 6-8) or equal volume of 0.9% saline (n 5 6) or the inactive unconjugated toxin, Saporin (n = 6).)

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Nichols NL, Craig TA, Tanner MA (2018) Phrenic long-term facilitation following intrapleural CTB-SAP-induced respiratory motor neuron death. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 256:43-49. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.08.003

Objective: To study the impact of respiratory motor neuron death.

Summary: Intrapleural CTB-SAP mimics aspects of ALS. Seven days of CTB-SAP enhances respiratory plasticity.

Usage: Bilateral intrapleural injections of: 1) CTB-SAP (25 μg), or 2) unconjugated CTB and SAP (control).

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Challet E, Kalsbeek A (2017) Editorial: Circadian Rhythms and Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 8:201. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00201

Related Products: Leptin-SAP (Cat. #IT-47)

Alam M, McGinty D (2017) Acute effects of alcohol on sleep are mediated by components of homeostatic sleep regulatory system: An Editorial Highlight for ‘Lesions of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons attenuates sleepiness and adenosine after alcohol consumption’ on page 710. J Neurochem 142(5):620-623.. doi: 10.1111/jnc.14100

Summary: In the study published in 2017, Sharma and colleagues report that the wake-promoting BF cholinergic neurons are critically involved in the acute alcohol-induced sleep promoting response and that extracellular adenosine buildup in the BF mediates this response. Using 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), they ablated BF cholinergic neurons unilaterally and compared extracellular adenosine levels on lesioned versus non-lesioned sides after local delivery of alcohol via reverse microdialysis. They found that adenosine levels were significantly lower (nearly 50%) on the side with a loss of cholinergic neurons.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• Sharma R et al. Lesion of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons attenuates sleepiness and adenosine after alcohol consumption. J Neurochem 142:710-720, 2017.

Sharma R, Sahota P, Thakkar M (2017) Lesion of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons attenuates sleepiness and adenosine after alcohol consumption. J Neurochem 142:710-720.. doi: 10.1111/jnc.14054

Summary: This project examined the sleep-promoting effect of alcohol and which neurons in the brain are involved in the process. 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01; 0.3 µg/500 nL/side) was administered through bilateral basal forebrain infusions in rats. Based on the results, the authors suggest that alcohol promotes sleep by increasing extracellular adenosine via its action on cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Fu C, Xue J, Wang R, Chen J, Ma L, Liu Y, Wang X, Guo F, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Wang S (2017) Chemosensitive Phox2b-expressing neurons are crucial for hypercapnic ventilatory response in the nucleus tractus solitarius. J Physiol 595:4973-4989.. doi: 10.1113/JP274437

Objective: To investigate whether paired-like homeobox 2b  (Phox2b)-expressing NTS neurons are recruited in hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR)  and whether these neurons exhibit intrinsic chemosensitivity.

Summary: Respiratory deficits caused by injection of SSP-SAP into the NTS are attributable to proportional lesions of CO2/H+-sensitive Phox2b-expressing neurons.

Usage: Two protocols were applied for SSP-SAP injections. In immunostaining experiments, to determine how many Phox2b-containing cells were destroyed, a total volume of 100 nl of PBS containing 6 ng of SSP-SAP (3 ng in 50 nl; 2 injections) was injected into one side of the NTS and the contralateral NTS was used as a control (no injection).  For in vivo experiments, to determine whether loss of Phox2b cells led to impaired HCVR, bilateral injections with a total volume of 200 nl of PBS containing 6 ng (1.5 ng in 50 nl per injection; 2 injections per side) or 12 ng (3 ng in 50 nl per injection; two injections per side) of toxin into NTS.  Breathing was studied in conscious, freely moving mice treated with SSP-SAP and Blank-SAP.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Yaksh T, Fisher C, Hockman T, Wiese A (2017) Current and future issues in the development of spinal agents for the management of pain. Curr Neuropharmacol 15:232-259.. doi: 10.2174/1570159×14666160307145542

Summary: Although conscious pain experience is driven by signals mediated supraspinally, the more high intensity pain generated by strong stimuli, tissue injury, and nerve injury is encoded at the spinal dorsal horn level. The control of pain signals at the spinal dorsal horn level is a tempting target for targeted pain therapy. This review discusses the potential targets for pain therapeutics in the spinal dorsal horn, and some of the spinal agents used to modulate pain transmission through that location. The use of SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11) is mentioned as a neurokinin-1 targeted molecule that can block some pain transmission.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

Taxini CL, Moreira TS, Takakura AC, Bicego KC, Gargaglioni LH, Zoccal DB (2017) Role of A5 noradrenergic neurons in the chemoreflex control of respiratory and sympathetic activities in unanesthetized conditions. Neuroscience 354:146-157.. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.033

Summary: The authors utilize Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) to investigate the involvement of the A5 noradrenergic neurons to the basal and chemoreflex control of the sympathetic and respiratory activities in unanesthetized conditions.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)