targeted-toxins

Kanai T, Uraushihara K, Okazawa A, Hibi T, Watanabe M (2003) Macrophage-derived IL-18 targeting for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy 2(2):131-136. doi: 10.2174/1568010033484250

Summary: A single intravenous injection of Mac-1-SAP (Cat. #IT-06) significantly reduced the amount of intestinal inflammation in a 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis model.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06)

Conner JM, Culberson A, Packowski C, Chiba AA, Tuszynski MH (2003) Lesions of the basal forebrain cholinergic system impair task acquisition and abolish cortical plasticity associated with motor skill learning. Neuron 38(5):819-829. doi: 10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00288-5

Summary: Neuronal plasticity has been associated with normal learning. The authors wished to investigate the role of the cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF) system in learning motor skills. Rats received bilateral 95-ng injections of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) in either the medial septum, the nucleus basalis magnocellularis, or both. The results indicate that lesioned animals, with many aspects of attention still preserved, are unable to adapt attention to meet the demands of a particular task. The authors conclude that the CBF system may be implicated in learning forms that require plasticity of cortical representations.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Rudick CN, Gibbs RB, Woolley CS (2003) A role for the basal forebrain cholinergic system in estrogen-induced disinhibition of hippocampal pyramidal cells. J Neurosci 23(11):4479-4490. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-11-04479.2003

Summary: Estrogen plays a strong regulatory role in control of synaptic input to the hippocampus of female rats. Injection of 0.22 µg of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) directly into the medial septum eliminated NGFr-positive cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain, producing evidence that estrogen-induced disinhibition is partially dependent on these neurons. GABAergic synapses were also found to be involved in this system.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Nakatsuka T, Tsuzuki K, Ling JX, Sonobe H, Gu JG (2003) Distinct roles of P2X receptors in modulating glutamate release at different primary sensory synapses in rat spinal cord. J Neurophysiol 89(6):3243-3252. doi: 10.1152/jn.01172.2002

Summary: P2X receptors are important modulating neurons in the spinal cord. These authors used IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10) to target a neuronal subset, those neurons expressing P2X3 receptors. 2 µg of IB4-SAP were injected directly into the sciatic nerve on one side. Histological examination showed efficient removal of IB4 and P2X3-staining ipsilaterally in the dorsal horn outer laminae. Behavioral experiments showed intact modulation of glutamate release in the absence of P2X3-positive neurons, indicating involvement by other P2X neurons.

Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10)

Calza L, Giuliani A, Fernandez M, Pirondi S, D’Intino G, Aloe L, Giardino L (2003) Neural stem cells and cholinergic neurons: Regulation by immunolesion and treatment with mitogens, retinoic acid, and nerve growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(12):7325-7330. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1132092100

Summary: The authors explore the influence of exogenous administration of hormones, cytokines, and neurotrophins on stem cells following a lesion. Rats were treated with 2 or 3 µg of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) into the cerebral ventricles, which induced a lesion of the cholinergic system in the basal forebrain. The surgery was followed by infusion of EGF, bFGF, and NGF into the lesioned area, as well as addition of retinoic acid to the food pellets. This pharmacological control of endogenous neural stem cells increased the number of proliferating cells in both lesioned and non-lesioned animals, as well as improved performance in a water maze test.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Lam TT, Leranth C (2003) Role of the medial septum diagonal band of Broca cholinergic neurons in oestrogen-induced spine synapse formation on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells of female rats. Eur J Neurosci 17(10):1997-2005. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02637.x

Summary: Estrogen effects on the hippocampus are known to be mediated by subcortical structures. The authors examined the role that the medial septum diagonal band of Broca (MSDB) plays in this mediation. An injection of 0.5 µg of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) into the right lateral ventricle of rats was used to specifically investigate the role of cholinergic MSDB neuron projections to the hippocampus, since many of these neurons express estrogen receptors. The data suggest that septo-hippocampal cholinergic neurons are involved in mediating estrogen effects on the hippocampus.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Lalonde R, Strazielle C (2003) The effects of cerebellar damage on maze learning in animals. Cerebellum 2(4):300-309. doi: 10.1080/14734220310017456

Summary: Traditionally the cerebellum has been associated with motor control, but recent work has suggested that it plays a role in cognitive functions such as spatial learning as well. This study discusses the effects of cerebellar mutations in mice, and OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02) lesions in rats on water maze learning models. Results indicate that the cerebellum plays a role in working memory and the procedural aspect of maze learning, as well as being an important element of motor control.

Related Products: OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02)

Bizon JL, Han JS, Hudon C, Gallagher M (2003) Effects of hippocampal cholinergic deafferentation on learning strategy selection in a visible platform version of the water maze. Hippocampus 13(6):676-684. doi: 10.1002/hipo.10113 PMID: 12962313

Summary: To investigate the effect of depleted acetylcholine (Ach) levels in the hippocampus on learning strategies that are thought to utilize the hippocampus, the authors lesioned the medial septum/vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca in rats with two injections of 75 and 50 ng of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01). The unexpected result was that a hippocampal place strategy was promoted in the absence of Ach.

Usage: Rats injected with 192-IgG-SAP at 0.506 ug/ul with total volume of 0.3 ul.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Bailey AM, Rudisill ML, Hoof EJ, Loving ML (2003) 192 IgG-saporin lesions to the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nBM) disrupt acquisition of learning set formation. Brain Res 969(1-2):147-159. doi: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02294-7

Summary: Previous studies by Bailey and others have used quisqualic acid to lesion the nucleus basalis (nBM) in order to understand Alzheimer’s disease. Injections of 75 ng of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) were made into each of four sites in the rat nBM. Behavioral tests showed initial learning set deficits followed by recovery, whereas with quisqualic acid lesions, the deficits were profound. The authors conclude noncholinergic neurons are involved in learning set formation.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Chiken S, Tokuno H (2003) Ablation of striatal interneurons influences activities of entopeduncular neurons. Neuroreport 14(5):675-678. doi: 10.1097/00001756-200304150-00003

Summary: To investigate the role of the basal ganglia in informational processing of voluntary movement, the authors used SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07) to lesion SP receptor-expressing neurons in the striatum. A 0.5 µl injection of 40 ng/µl SP-SAP into the dorsolateral portion of the striatum decreased the spontaneous discharge of entopeduncular neurons. These data indicate that SP receptor-positive striatal interneurons indirectly regulate activity of basal ganglia output neurons.

Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07)