targeted-toxins

Bugarith K, Dinh TT, Li AJ, Speth RC, Ritter S (2005) Basomedial hypothalamic injections of neuropeptide Y conjugated to saporin selectively disrupt hypothalamic controls of food intake. Endocrinology 146(3):1179-1191. doi: 10.1210/en.2004-1166

Summary: The authors examined the effect of 48 ng injections of NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28) into the basomedial hypothalamus (BMH) on glucoprivic feeding in rats. While there was no evidence of retrograde transport, the lesions inhibited responses to intracerebroventricular leptin and ghrelin. Neither the feeding nor the hyperglycemic response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose was affected by the lesion, indicating that these hindbrain processes do not utilize neurons in the BMH. This work also describes dosing and injection parameter studies for the use of NPY-SAP.

Related Products: NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

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Seki S, Erickson KA, Seki M, Nishizawa O, Igawa Y, Ogawa T, de Groat WC, Chancellor MB, Yoshimura N (2005) Elimination of rat spinal neurons expressing neurokinin 1 receptors reduces bladder overactivity and spinal c-fos expression induced by bladder irritation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 288(3):F466-F473. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00274.2004

Summary: Substance P is reported to play a role in the micturition reflex as well as in nociceptive responses. The authors investigated the role that neurokinin-1 receptor-expressing cells in the spinal cord play in the micturition reflex of rats. 8 µl of 1.0 or 1.5 µM SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11) was injected into the L6-S1 level of the spinal cord, and cystometric parameters were measured before and after capsaicin administration to the bladder. Lesioned animals did not display the bladder overactivity normally seen in the presence of capsaicin.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

Gil-Bea FJ, Garcia-Alloza M, Dominguez J, Marcos B, Ramirez MJ (2005) Evaluation of cholinergic markers in Alzheimer’s disease and in a model of cholinergic deficit. Neurosci Lett 375(1):37-41. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.10.062

Summary: Several markers of cholinergic function may be able to predict cognitive deficits due to disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. The authors compared baseline measurements of acetylcholine, cholinacetyltransferase, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of rats against animals treated with 0.067 µg injections of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) into both hemispheres of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. The results indicate that measurement of AChE activity is an inexpensive and reliable method to evaluate cholinergic function in rats as well as in humans.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Nolan BC, Freeman JH Jr (2005) Purkinje cell loss by OX7-saporin impairs excitatory and inhibitory eyeblink conditioning. Behav Neurosci 119(1):190-201. doi: 10.1037/0735-7044.119.1.190

Summary: Although the contributions of the cortical cerebellum to eyeblink-conditioned excitation have been extensively investigated, involvement in inhibition of this reflex is unclear. After intracerebroventricular infusions of 15.0 µg of OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02), rats displayed impaired retention and savings of preinfusion excitatory conditioning, indicating that the Purkinje cells that were eliminated by OX7-SAP are essential for maintenance of excitatory eyeblink conditioning. Inhibition is not prevented by loss of these Purkinje cells, suggesting that extracerebellar structures play a critical role in this process.

Related Products: OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02)

Whiteside GT, Woods ME, Pearson MS, Pomonis JD, Turchin PI, Walker K (2005) Ablation of a population of neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord is insufficient to induce sprouting of touch responsive myelinated afferents into the innervation territory of pain sensitive unmyelinated afferents. Med Hypotheses Res 2:275-282.

Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07)

Khasabov SG, Ghilardi JR, Mantyh PW, Simone DA (2005) Spinal neurons that express NK-1 receptors modulate descending controls that project through the dorsolateral funiculus. J Neurophysiol 93(2):998-1006. doi: 10.1152/jn.01160.2003

Summary: The involvement of neurokinin-1 receptor-expressing neurons in the spinal cord with the ascending systems of hyperalgesia and central sensitization has been well established. The authors used 10 µl injections of 5 µM SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07) into the intrathecal space of rats, and examined the descending systems that travel via the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF). While SP-SAP alone had no effect, administration of SP-SAP in conjunction with a DLF transection enhanced neuronal responses to mechanical and heat stimuli.

Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07)

Harrell LE, Parsons DS, Kolasa K (2005) The effect of central cholinergic and noradrenergic denervation on hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth and apoptosis-like reactivity in the rat. Brain Res 1033(1):68-77. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.11.021

Summary: Cholinergic denervation of the hippocampus is followed by ingrowth of peripheral sympathetic fibers originating from the superior cervical ganglion. The authors injected 1 µg of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) into the medial septum of rats along with a noradrenergic fiber neurotoxin to investigate whether the noradrenergic system was involved with this ingrowth as well. The data provide more evidence that hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth can be stimulated by cholinergic denervation alone.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Turchi J, Saunders RC, Mishkin M (2005) Effects of cholinergic deafferentation of the rhinal cortex on visual recognition memory in monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(6):2158-2161. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0409708102

Summary: The rhinal cortex has been shown to play a critical role in recognition memory. The investigators examined the effect of eliminating cholinergic input to the rhinal cortex on the formation of new visual memories in macaques. Animals were given 0.01 µg injections of ME20.4-SAP (Cat. #IT-15) into the perirhinal and entorhinal cortices. The selective cholinergic deafferentation produced a substantial impairment of visual recognition memory, suggesting that cholinergic activation is essential for the formation of new visual memories.

Related Products: ME20.4-SAP (Cat. #IT-15)

Marques Pereira P, Cosquer B, Schimchowitsch S, Cassel JC (2005) Hebb-Williams performance and scopolamine challenge in rats with partial immunotoxic hippocampal cholinergic deafferentation. Brain Res Bull 64(5):381-394. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2004.09.007

Summary: Much of the recent work done on the role of cholinergic neurons in the hippocampus has been focused on detecting subtle learning deficits. In this study, the authors investigated the effect of 0.368 µg of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) administered to the medial septum of rats in four injections. A complex learning task, the Hebb-Williams maze, was used to define small deficits in the learning performance of the lesioned animals prior to, and after the injection of scopolamine.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Harle P, Mobius D, Carr DJ, Scholmerich J, Straub RH (2005) An opposing time-dependent immune-modulating effect of the sympathetic nervous system conferred by altering the cytokine profile in the local lymph nodes and spleen of mice with type II collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 52:1305-1313. doi: 10.1002/art.20987

Summary: In this work the authors examined the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in late stages of chronic arthritis. 5 µg intraperitoneal injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) in mice were used to confirm that previous 6OHDA injections caused a sympathectomy. The results demonstrate that the SNS supports inflammation during the asymptomatic phase of arthritis, but inhibits inflammation during the chronic symptomatic phase.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)