saporin

Gandek TB, van der Koog L, Nagelkerke A (202329) A Comparison of Cellular Uptake Mechanisms, Delivery Efficacy, and Intracellular Fate Between Liposomes and Extracellular Vesicles. Adv Healthc Mater e2300319 doi: 10.1002/adhm.202300319 PMID: 37384827

Objective: Using peptide-functionalized extracellular vesicles (EVs), filled with saporin, to increase cytotoxicity over normal biological EVs.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles were used as a means to deliver saporin to HeLa and CHO-K1 cells. Octaarginine peptides (R8 peptides) are seeded on the surface of the EVs which enhanced the macropinocytotic uptake and internalization efficiency as compared to unmodified EVs.

Usage: Saporin was packaged in extracellular vesicles with R8 pepetides and treated on HeLa (Nakase, 2016) and CHO-K1 cells (Nakase, 2017).

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• I. Nakase, K. Noguchi, I. Fujii, S. Futaki. Sci Rep 2016, 6, 34937.
• I. Nakase, K. Noguchi, A. Aoki, T. Takatani-Nakase, I. Fujii, S. Futaki. Sci Rep 2017, 7, 1991.

Watts NR, Eren E, Palmer I, Huang PL, Huang PL, Shoemaker RH, Lee-Huang S, Wingfield PT (2023) The ribosome-inactivating proteins MAP30 and Momordin inhibit SARS-CoV-2. PLoS One 18(6):e0286370. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286370 PMID: 37384752

Summary: Saporin is mentioned in the discussion of RIPs and their usage as antivirals.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Arslan I et al. Saporin, a Polynucleotide-Adenosine Nucleosidase, May Be an Efficacious Therapeutic Agent for SARS-CoV-2 Infection. SLAS Discov. 2021; 26(3):330–5. PMID: 33155515

Kim JS, Williams KC, Kirkland RA, Schade R, Freeman KG, Cawthon CR, Rautmann AW, Smith JM, Edwards GL, Glenn TC, Holmes PV, de Lartigue G, de La Serre CB (2023) The gut-brain axis mediates bacterial driven modulation of reward signaling. Mol Metab 26:101764. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101764 PMID: 37380023

Objective: To investigate the role of gut microbiota and vagal signaling in modulating brain dopamine reward pathways and appetitive feeding behavior.

Summary: The study found that high-fat diet and transfer of high-fat microbiota to germ-free rats reduced dopamine signaling and motivated feeding behavior compared to chow-fed and low-fat microbiota groups. Vagal deafferentation restored dopamine signaling and feeding motivation in high-fat microbiota rats, indicating gut bacteria signals that dampen reward are vagally mediated.

Usage: Animals were injected bilaterally into the nodose ganglion with either Saporin or CCK-SAP. A pulled glass micropipette containing either CCK-SAP (240 ng/ml in 0.1 M phosphate buffer) or SAP alone was inserted under the sheath of the cervical vagus and into the NG, the injection was done with a pressure-injector into two sites (one proximal and one distal, total volume, 1 µl).

Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Antonia-Nancy H, Matsumoto M, Tahara Y (2023) Self-assembled nanogels consisting of cholesterol-bearing polysaccharides and their applications in medicine. (eds. Dr. Chukwuebuka Emmanuel Umeyor, Dr. Emmanuel Uronnachi and Dr. Pratik Kakade). In: Hydrogels and Nanogels – Applications in Medicine doi: 10.5772/intechopen.1001981

Objective: Using iron oxide-containing nano-gels containing saporin to magnetically guide the targeting of saporin.

Summary: Nanogels containing inorganics are an emerging tool to direct the targeting of drugs within the body. Saporin was bound in a cholesterol-bearing pullulan nanogel with particles of iron oxide was magnetically steered through the chaperoning gel to treat a model of oral cancer.

Usage: Using Saporin bound to magnetic nanogel to target a model of oral cancer. See Also: Saporin usage form these two papers: KawasakiR, SasakiY, KatagiriK, MukaiS-A, SawadaS-I, AkiyoshiK. Magnetically guided protein transduction by hybrid Nanogel chaperones with iron oxide nanoparticles. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition. 2016;55:11377-11381.DOI:10.1002/anie.201602577 KawasakiR, SasakiY, NishimuraT, KatagiriK, MoritaK-I, SekineY, etal. Magnetically navigated protein transduction In vivo using iron oxide-Nanogel chaperone hybrid. Advanced Healthcare Materials. 2021;10:2001988.DOI:10.1002/adhm.202001988

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Le Z, Pan Q, He A, Liu H, Shi Y, Liu L, Liu Z, Ping Y, Chen Y (2023) Direct cytosolic delivery of proteins and CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing by gemini amphiphiles via non-endocytic translocation pathways. ACS Cent Sci 9(7):1313-1326. doi: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00207 PMID: 37521791

Objective: Create a library composed of 150 gemini amphiphiles (GAs), a molecule with polar and nonpolar regions, to identify means to facilitate delivery of saporin across the cell membrane.

Summary: The gemini amphiphiles studied differ in the spacing of functional groups, hydrophobicity and sterics. A Cas9 ribonucleoprotein conjugated to saporin showed highest efficacy for internalization. HeLa cells were used to study the efffects of this found gemini-amphiphile conjugated to saporin.

Usage: A1I2-1R2C18 [a gemini ampiphile] conjugated to saporin and treated against HeLa cells at 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1μg/mL for 4 hours and then assessed for cell viability.

Porello I, Cellesi F (2023) Intracellular delivery of therapeutic proteins. New advancements and future directions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 11:1211798. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1211798 PMID: 37304137

Objective: To provide a brief overview of the current methods for intracellular protein delivery to mammalian cells.

Summary: The field of intracellular protein delivery is still a relatively young area of research and further advancements in this field will require the integration of chemistry, materials science, formulation science, nanomedicine, and biomedical engineering.

Usage: Saporin was referenced as a molecule with the advantage of being able to block the synthesis of proteins in cells.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Holborough-Kerkvliet MD, Kroos S, van de Wetering R, Toes REM (2023) Addressing the key issue: Antigen-specific targeting of B cells in autoimmune diseases. Immunol Lett 259:37-45. doi: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.05.005 PMID: 37209914

Objective: Using cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) conjugated to CNBz and saporin to eliminate autoreactive B cells, as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Summary: Joint damage in the body creates cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) which is a marker of Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The CCP active site that autoantibodies target is blocked with CNBz and the whole complex is conjugated with saporin allowing cytotoxicity directed towards autoreactive B cells, a damaging element of RA, without being reactive with CCP-targeted autoantibodies.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Lelieveldt LPWM et al. Sequential prodrug strategy to target and eliminate ACPA-selective autoreactive B cells. Mol Pharm 15(12):5565-5573, 2018.

Singh SA, Vellapandian C (2023) The promising guide to LC–MS analysis and cholinesterase activity of Luffa cylindrica (L.) fruit using in vitro and in-silico analyses. Futur J Pharm Sci 9:33. doi: 10.1186/s43094-023-00478-0

Objective: Identify and analyze the extract of the plant Luffa cylindrica for bioactive and biochemical properties, particularly as it relates to bioactivity in neurological diseases.

Summary: Luffa cylindrica contains a total of 80 compounds that were identified in the ethanolic extract from LC–MS analysis. The bioactive compounds were screened for activity in receptors responsible for causing oxidative stress-associated Alzheimer’s disease. Perlolyrine was chosen to perform in-silico docking. An in vitro activity of cholinesterase showed highest inhibition at 500 μg/ml. In-silico docking of perlolyrine showed better binding affinity and score. Results revealed that out of 10 docked receptors, amyloid beta showed the highest binding affinity with an energy of −46.1 kcal/mol showing promising drug for Alzheimer’s disease. The study reports the presence of a promising, bioactive compound (perlolyrine) with promisng applications in vivo, oxidative stress-related Alzheimer’s disease.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Santosh et al (2015) Mechanism of Anti-HIV Activity of Ribosome Inactivating Protein, Saporin. Protein & Peptide Letters. 22(6): 497-503. doi: 10.2174/0929866522666150428120701

Son H, Shin J, Park J (2023) Recent progress in nanomedicine-mediated cytosolic delivery. RSC Adv 13(15):9788-9799. doi: 10.1039/D2RA07111H PMID: 36998521

Summary: Cytosolic delivery of drugs, like saporin, through nanocapsules offers ways to move proteins through the body with greater specificity and efficacy. A nanoparticle that released a modified saporin protein at pH conditions correlative conditions to a tumor micro-environment was discussed as a model to deliver peptide-drugs to the cytosol.

Q: I read on your website that, “There are two types of RIPs: type I, which are much less cytotoxic due to the lack of the B chain and type II, which are distinguished from type I RIPs by the presence of the B chain and their ability to enter cells on their own.”

In the IT-27 Streptavidin-ZAP product, which type of saporin is there? Is it both type I and type II because the saporin is purified from the plant, or is it one specific type only in the product.

A: All saporin molecules are Type I ribosome-inactivating proteins. We only use saporin. An example of a Type II RIP is ricin, which can enter a cell on its own and has been used throughout history as a method of assassination.

Streptavidin-ZAP is streptavidin attached to saporin. On its own it has no way to get inside a cell. By mixing Streptavidin-ZAP with a biotinylated molecule that is recognized on the cell surface, the resulting conjugate is able to bind and internalize saporin into a cell. Once inside saporin inactivates the ribosomes which causes cell death.