saporin

Peterson D (2025) Alternative treatments and potential cures for type 1 diabetes. SD State Univ Thesis.

Objective: To discuss alternative treatment for type one diabetes.

Summary: The use of immunological therapies and stem cells differentiated in insulin-like secreting beta cells is at the forefront of therapies aimed at preserving beta cell function and the potential of a cure for type one diabetes. A recent study evaluated multiple cell lines with the NKp46 receptor present to examine the effects of a new antibody drug called 02. The result was that the 02-saporin significantly decreased the NK tumor cell line from proliferating.

Usage: 02-saporin was introducted to a NK tumor cell line while comparing another well-known drug with saporin attached.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Berhani O et al. Human anti-NKp46 antibody for studies of NKp46-dependent NK cell function and its applications for type 1 diabetes and cancer research. Eur J Immunol 49(2):228-241, 2019.

Huang C, Gudlur S, Maricar S, Chen Z, Shebanova A, Sun Y, Saliba V, Xu C, Zou Y, Zhang J, Boujday S, Miserez A (2025) Peptide coacervates as intracellular delivery vehicles for synergistic cancer photothermal- and chemo-therapies. APL Bioeng 9(3):036101. doi: 10.1063/5.0279643 PMID: 40642324

Objective: To present a solution for intracellular delivery of large molecules using GW26 coacervate microdroplets (CMs), a peptide-based system, as a dual-function platform that not only facilitates the controlled release of therapeutic cargos but also enhances cancer cell death through photothermal therapy (PTT).

Summary: GW26 CMs exhibit high recruiting efficiency of photothermal (PT) materials—chlorin e6 (Ce6) and gold nanorods—with over 80% efficiency. These CMs demonstrate high cellular uptake in tumor cells, with 98% of CT26 colon carcinoma cells successfully internalizing Ce6-loaded CMs. The co-recruitment of the cytotoxic protein saporin enables synergistic PT and chemotherapeutic cancer treatments among all these cells, further enhancing the therapeutic effect, in some cases exhibiting a near-complete loss in cell viability. This approach combines efficient recruitment, controlled cargo release, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy, positioning GW26 CMs as a promising platform for multimodal cancer therapies.

Usage: Characterization of co-delivery of PT materials and saporin (4.5 ul) and their cell cytotoxicity in vitro.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Ishtiaque S, Ahman S, Farooqui A, Siddiqui MH, Faridi SA (2025) Multifunctional nanoparticles to over come ABC transporter-mediated drug resistance in cancer: A short review. IJERT 13(6)

Objective: To examine innovative multifunctional nanoparticle strategies designed to overcome transporter-mediated efflux mechanism.

Summary: Authors analyze nanocarrier platforms enabling targeted co-delivery of chemotherapeutics with transporter inhibitors, gene-silencing approaches suppressing efflux pump expression, and stimuli-responsive systems exploiting tumor microenvironment features. The work highlights emerging technologies including nanobots and AI-designed nanoparticles while addressing translational challenges like protein corona formation and manufacturing scalability.

Usage: Lipid-SAP (EC16-1/saporin) was mentioned as one of the selected preclinical studies of nanoparticle platforms targeting ABC transporter-mediated drug resistance.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Tolymbekova A, Lezina L (2025) CD320 receptor and vitamin B12 as potential targets for anti-cancer therapy. Int J Mol Sci 26(12):5652. doi: 10.3390/ijms26125652 PMID: 40565117

Objective: To develop therapies discriminating between healthy and cancerous cells to prevent unwanted toxicity of anticancer agents.

Summary: One possible method is to target proteins overexpressed in cancer but not in normal cells. CD320 is a receptor responsible for the uptake of the transcobalamin-bound fraction of vitamin B12 (cobalamin), which is necessary for DNA synthesis, and thus, cell proliferation. CD320 was shown to be overexpressed in many cancers and its potential role as an early cancer biomarker was confirmed in several studies.

Usage: In CD320-overexpressing HEK293 cells, a 2.5 nM concentration of monoclonal antibodies conjugated with saporin was enough to induce a 100% inhibition of proliferation, while in normal HEK293 cells, the same concentration of antibodies induced approximately 50% inhibition of cell proliferation.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Zhang Z, He F, Li W, Liu B, Deng C, Qin X (2025) Material-driven therapeutics: Functional nanomaterial design paradigms revolutionizing osteosarcoma treatment. J Funct Biomater 16(6):213. doi: 10.3390/jfb16060213 PMID: 40558899

Objective: To examine nanomaterial applications in Osteosarcoma (OS) therapy through a materials science lens, analyzing mechanism specific interventions. The analysis establishes a framework for developing next-generation nanotherapeutic platforms to address persistent limitations in OS management.

Summary: Phytic acid (PA)-functionalized nanoparticles (e.g., MnO2-PA) exploit high hydroxyapatite affinity for osseous tumor accumulation. Bone-specific targeting is exemplified by saporin-boronated nanotherapeutics, which achieve ribosomal inactivation through hydroxyapatite binding, offering a targeted approach for bone malignancies.

Usage: Saporin delivery in an orthotopic model significantly inhibited Osteosarcoma. GPSP (100 μg/kg saporin + 133.3 μg/kg GP + 140 μg/kg PASP) was intravenously injected with a Saporin concentration of 100 µg/kg. In a Bone-Metastatic Breast Cancer disease model, GPSP (150 μg/kg saporin + 200 μg/kg GP + 210 μg/kg PASP) was injected with a Saporin concentration of 150 µg/kg.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Shibata Y, Matsumoto Y, Kohno K, Nakashima Y, Tsuda M (2025) Microgliosis in the spinal dorsal horn early after peripheral nerve injury is associated with damage to primary afferent aβ-fibers. Cells 14(9):666. doi: 10.3390/cells14090666 PMID: 40358190

Objective: To investigate the spatial relationship between microgliosis and the projections of injured nerves by generating mice that had expressed tdTomato in the fourth lumbar dorsal root ganglion (L4-DRG) neurons via intra-L4-spinal nerve (SpN) injection of adeno-associated viral vectors.

Summary: After transection of the L4-SpN, authors found that microgliosis in the SDH selectively occurred in the innervation territories of the injured primary afferent fibers. However, denervating transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-expressing primary afferent fibers in theSDH through intrathecal injection of capsaicin did not trigger microgliosis, nor did it influence the microgliosis induced by L4-SpN injury. Conversely, pharmacological damage to myelinated DRG neurons, including Aβ-fibers, was sufficient to induce microgliosis. Furthermore, L4-SpN injury also induced microgliosis in the gracile nucleus, which primarily receives innervation from Aβ-fibers. These findings suggest that microgliosis in the SDH shortly after peripheral nerve injury is predominantly associated with damage to primary afferent Aβ-fibers.

Usage: WT mice were injected with saporin into the L4-SpN, administering 400 nL of saporin solution [saporin conjugated with cholera toxin B subunit (CTB-SAP), isolectin B4 (IB4-SAP),and unconjugated saporin (Ctrl-SAP)]

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14), IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Ren L, Zhao Z, Chao Y, Yu P, Mei Z, Du B, Cheng Y (2025) Optimization of lipid nanoparticles with robust efficiency for the delivery of protein therapeutics to augment cancer immunotherapy. Adv Sci (Weinh) e2500844. doi: 10.1002/advs.202500844 PMID: 40056044

Objective: To develop a family of Lipid Nanoparticles (LNPs) with robust high efficiency in addressing the multiple barriers in cytosolic protein delivery by incorporating clinically approved ionizable lipids into traditional cationic LNPs. The authors investigated the in vivo delivery efficacy of the LNPs using saporin as the model protein.

Summary: The combination of cationic and ionizable lipids enables efficient protein binding and endosomal escape. Optimized LNPs efficiently deliver various proteins, including antibodies, enzymes, toxins, and Cas9 into living cells with reserved functions. The optimized LNPs successfully deliver therapeutic proteins such as saporin and interleukin-10 (IL-10) to inhibit tumor growth in several animal models.

Usage: Cell Viability and Apoptosis Assay: For evaluating in vitro saporin delivery efficacy, 143B cells were incubated with free saporin or saporin/LNP at saporin concentrations ranging from 0 to 61 nm. In Vivo Saporin Delivery by LNP: mice were intravenously injected with 100μL saporin or saporin/LNP once every two days. The doses of saporin and LNP in in vivo experiments were fixed at 50μg kg−1 and 2.4 mg lipid/kg, respectively.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Guo S, Xu H, Cheng Z, Wang L, Yang P, Wang R (2025) Efficient cytosolic delivery of protein by preorganized amidiniums on pillar[5]arene. CCL 111022. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111022

Objective: To use amidinium functionalized pillar[5]arene (AP5) as a small molecular carrier to facilitate intracellular delivery of proteins with different sizes and isoelectric points.

Summary: The densely preorganized amidinium groups on pillar[5]arene skeleton could not only glue proteins together to form AP5@protein complex through multiple salt-bridges, but also promote cellular internalization AP5@protein complex. The bioactivities of the internalized proteins were well-maintained. This study provides a novel, versatile and macrocyclic-molecule based intracellular protein delivery carrier through the preorganization of amidiniums onpillar[5]arene.

Usage: The AP5@saporin complexes showed significant toxicity toward HeLa cells with an IC50 of 102 nmol/L. However, saporin alone showed minimal toxicity on HeLa cells due to membrane-impermeability of saporin.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Rahhal N, Rentzsch M, Seiser S, Freystätter C, Elbe-Bürger A, Rademacher C (2025) Targeted delivery of cytotoxic proteins via lipid-based nanoparticles to primary Langerhans cells. Nanoscale 17(7):4038-4046. doi: 10.1039/d4nr03638g PMID: 39775685

Summary: Saporin was used as a model protein to showcase the potential of delivering intact proteins to Langerhans cells. Authors observed specific killing of cells expressing langerin in vitro, and in primary Langerhans cells isolated from mouse and human skin ex vivo with minimal off target effects.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Zhao Z, Zhang H, Li W, Wang Y, Wang Y, Yang H, Yin L, Liu X (2025) Guanidyl-rich α-helical polypeptide enables efficient cytosolic pro-protein delivery and CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. J Mater Chem B 13(6):1991-2002. doi: 10.1039/d4tb02009j PMID: 39760520

Objective: To develop an efficient strategy via cationic alpha-helical polypeptide-mediated anionic proprotein delivery.

Summary: The protein was reversibly modified with adenosine triphosphateviadynamic covalent chemistry to prepare an anionic proprotein (A-protein) with abundant phosphate groups. A guanidyl-decorated a-helical polypeptide (LPP) was employed not only to encapsulate A-protein through electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding, forming stable nanocomplexes, but also to enhance cell membrane penetration due to its rigid alpha-helical conformation. Consequently, this strategy mediated the effective delivery of various proteins with different isoelectric points and molecular weights, including a-chymotrypsin, bovine serum albumin, ribonuclease A, cytochromeC, saporin, horseradish peroxidase, b-galactosidase, and anti-phospho-Akt, into cancer cells.

Usage: Cytosolic delivery: Saporin, was employed to evaluate LPP-mediated cytosolic delivery and its cancer cell-killing efficacy. The LPP/A-saporin nocomplexes (NCs) caused significant toxicity, with an IC50 value of 0.4ug/mL. In vivo antitumor efficiency of LPP/A-saporin NCs: LPP/A-saporin NCs were administrated by intratumoral injection in HeLa xenograft tumor-bearing mice and their antitumor efficacy was evaluated. When the tumor volume reached B50 mm3, the mice were randomly divided into three groups (6 mice per group) and intratumorally injected with PBS, free saporin, or LPP/A-saporin NCs at 0.1 mg saporin per kg on days 0 and 2.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)