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The vagus nerve promotes memory in rats via nutrient-induced septo-hippocampal acetylcholine signaling
Tierno Lauer L, Hayes AMR, Suarez AN, Bashaw A, Klug ME, Kao AE, Cheng R, Rea JJ, Subramanian KS, Nourbash A, Donohue KN, Schier LA, Myers K, Décarie-Spain L, Kanoski SE (2026) The vagus nerve promotes memory in rats via nutrient-induced septo-hippocampal acetylcholine signaling. Nat Commun doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-73896-2 PMID: 42236727
Objective: To demonstrate that nutrient consumption promotes hippocampal-dependent memory function via vagus nerve-mediated acetylcholine (ACh) release in the dorsal hippocampus (HPCd) from medial septum (MS) neurons
Summary: Recent findings highlight a role for vagus nerve-mediated gut-brain signaling in regulating higher-order cognitive processes. MS cholinergic neuron ablation, subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, and Western Diet impaired memory for meal location, suggesting that this signaling pathway functions to promote memories for eating events. Collectively, results identify a neurobiological mechanism whereby nutrient consumption enhances memory function and suggest that disruption of this vagal-brain signaling system mediates WD-associated memory impairments.
Usage: Rats were injected with either a 192-IgG-SAP (IT-01) in the MS (to ablate MS cholinergic neurons) or a control saporin (PR-01).
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Skin inflammation and itch response are independently regulated by distinct nociceptor subsets
Voisin T, Gheziel N, El Samrout C, Martin J, Bradaia A, Iftinca M, Defaye M, Charron A, Abdullah NS, Changenot C, Gonzalez AA, Depluech A, Labit E, Saint-Laurent N, Staurengo-Ferrari L, Erdogan O, Tauber M, Loste A, Serhan N, Villa-Hernandez S, Chiu IM, Moqrich A, Altier C, Basso L, Gaudenzio N (2026) Skin inflammation and itch response are independently regulated by distinct nociceptor subsets. Immunity 59(5):1237-1252.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2026.03.020 PMID: 41990747
Objective: To show the presence of two distinct and adaptive neuronal circuits that independently regulate allergic inflammation and itch in the skin in a model of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD).
Summary: To confirm the role of NP1 neurons in CHS-associated itch, the authors targeted IB4+ NP1 neurons using saporin-conjugated IB4. Neuronal loss was confirmed, as well as a partial depletion of IB4+ neurons and GFRα2+ neurons, but not TH+ neurons, in IB4-sap mice. Chemical depletion of IB4+ neurons led to a significant decrease in the number of ATF3+ neurons, little or no differences in immune response or pathology, but a significant reduction in scratching behavior.
Usage: Intrathecal injections were performed and mice received 5 μL of either IB4-saporin (IB4-SAP, 1.5μg/mouse; IT-10) or control saporin (650ng/mouse; PR-01) diluted in sterile PBS.
Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Impact of tongue exercise on hypoglossal axis survival, structure, and output in a rodent model of hypoglossal motor neuron degeneration
Keilholz AN, Lopez S, Attari M, Nguyen NP, Henry J, Smith CL, Feldberg A, Osman KL, Golzy M, Bunyak F, Lever TE, Nichols NL (2026) Impact of tongue exercise on hypoglossal axis survival, structure, and output in a rodent model of hypoglossal motor neuron degeneration. J Neurophysiol doi: 10.1152/jn.00631.2024 PMID: 42012472
Objective: To investigate the effects of a high-repetition/low-resistance tongue exercise paradigm on XII axis survival, structure, and output in adult male Sprague Dawley rats.
Summary: Intralingual injections of CTB-SAP result in decreased XII motor neuron survival and degenerative changes in the XII nerve consistent with what is seen in many motor neuron diseases. While these deficits are not mitigated by tongue exercise, the authors observed increased microglial fractional area/density in the XII nucleus of CTB-SAP + exercise rats.
Usage: Rats received intralingual injection of either CTB-SAP (IT-14) or unconjugated CTB + SAP (PR-01).
Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Visualization of endosomal escape of intracellularly delivered protein with unexpected photochemical internalization of trypan blue
Yao Z, Shi Z, Hu P, Wang C, Wang H (2026) Visualization of endosomal escape of intracellularly delivered protein with unexpected photochemical internalization of trypan blue. Adv Sci (Weinh) e16456. doi: 10.1002/advs.202516456 PMID: 41961480
Objective: To demonstrate trypan blue as a simple yet powerful tool for advancing intracellular protein delivery and tracking.
Summary: Upon 590 nm light irradiation, trypan blue (TB) acts as a photosensitizer, triggering photochemical internalization (PCI) that promotes endosomal escape and protein release into the cytosol, accompanied by recovery of GFP fluorescence. This TB-mediated PCI not only enhances delivery efficiency but also allows real-time visualization of protein binding and release.
Usage: 143B cells were treated with Saporin, M2/Saporin, and M2/TB/Saporin at different Saporin concentrations, with or without light irradiation.
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Improving cytotoxicity of saporin with saponin SO1406 isolated from the roots of saponaria officinalis
Lim-Paik C, Zeng Q, Beyea R, Boohaker R, Wang P (2026) Improving cytotoxicity of saporin with saponin SO1406 isolated from the roots of saponaria officinalis. Biomedicines 14(3):626. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines14030626
Objective: To identify structurally defined novel natural saponins and evaluate their ability to enhance anticancer cytotoxicity.
Summary: Saponins have recently emerged as promising natural products that enhance toxin-based anticancer therapeutics by improving cytosol uptake. Among the isolated compounds, SO1684 is a known saponin and SO1406 exhibited the most pronounced biological activity, significantly enhancing the cytotoxicity of the ribosome-inactivating protein saporin in the MDA-MB231 (triple-negative breast cancer) cell line.
Usage: Cells were treated with 50 mL of saporin
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
An AIEgen-based carrier enables efficient cytosolic delivery of bioactive proteins
Yang Y, Jia H, Yang L, He B, Zhang K, Liu H (2026) An AIEgen-based carrier enables efficient cytosolic delivery of bioactive proteins. Int J Nanomedicine 21:1-14. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S557672
Summary: The authors report a novel AIEgen (Aggregation-induced emission luminogen) -based carrier, MTPABP-Guided-Intracellular-Carrier (MAGIC), that achieves high efficiency in delivering native proteins into the cytosol. MAGIC efficiently delivered trypsin, RNase A, and saporin into the cytosol of mammalian cell lines while preserving their enzymatic or functional activity. The MAGIC delivery system holds significant promise for advancing the study of cellular physiology and enabling precise therapeutic interventions.
Usage: HeLa cells were treated with MTPABP/saporin complexes. Saporin concentration was 5 μg/mL. Free saporin served as a control.
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Curcumin coacervates for supramolecular-interaction-responsive cytosolic siRNA delivery to enhance pyroptosis
Cheng K, Zhang F, Bao Y, Xu Z, Kong H, Yuan D, Zheng Z, Zhao YD, Xia J (2026) Curcumin coacervates for supramolecular-interaction-responsive cytosolic siRNA delivery to enhance pyroptosis. Theranostics 16(6):2705-2720. doi: 10.7150/thno.121865 PMID: 41510156
Objective: To demonstrate that curcumin, the active ingredient in the spice turmeric, forms phase-separated fluorescent coacervates when diluted from a concentrated organic-solvent solution into an aqueous solution.
Summary: Curcumin coacervate droplets were used to encapsulate and transport various biomacromolecules proteins and nucleic acids across the plasma membrane into the cell. Supramolecular interaction between β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and curcumin disassembles curcumin coacervates, leading to cargo release in the cytosol. The authors demonstrate d tumor-targeted delivery of caspase 8 siRNA for cancer treatment in animal models, showing the potential of the curcumin/siRNA formulation as a new strategy for cancer treatment and the importance of using the β-CD–curcumin supramolecular interaction to induce enhanced pyroptosis.
Usage: BALB/c mice were subcutaneously inoculated with CT26 cells and treated with Cur/Sap+β-CD. All droplets were injected through the tail vein, and β-CD was injected with intratumor.
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Lesion-remote astrocytes govern microglia-mediated white matter repair
McCallum S, Suresh KB, Islam TS, Tripathi MK, Saustad AW, Shelest O, Patil A, Lee D, Kwon B, Leitholf K, Yenokian I, Shaka SE, Beveridge CH, Manchandra P, Randolph CE, Meares GP, Dutta R, Plummer J, Calsavara VF, Kawaguchi R, Knott SRV, Chopra G, Burda JE (2026) Lesion-remote astrocytes govern microglia-mediated white matter repair. Nature 649(8098):959-970. doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09887-y PMID: 41407858
Objective: To investigate Lesion-remote astrocytes (LRAs) from spared regions of mouse spinal cord following traumatic spinal cord injury.
Summary: The nature of astrocyte-extrinsic mechanisms that trigger discrete reactivity states are not well understood. Using Ccn1 expression as a biomarker of a molecularly distinct white matter LRA reactivity state, the authors explored the mechanism of its induction. IB4-SAP and CTB-SAP were injected in mice to selectively degenerate myelinated or non-myelinated sensory afferents, respectively.
Usage: 8 μg (10μl of 0.8 μg μl−1 in PBS) of Saporin (PR-01), IB4-SAP (IT-10) or CTB-SAP (IT-14) was injected subcutaneously into the plantar surface of the left hindpaw foot pad using a 30G insulin syringe.
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01), IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)
Progress, opportunity, and perspective on long term preservation of extracellular vesicles
Du R, Zhang Y, Wu S, Zixing W, Jing W (2025) Progress, opportunity, and perspective on long term preservation of extracellular vesicles. SSRN ssrn.5553381. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.5553381
Objective: To provide an overview of the biology, function, and biomedical application of Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and introduce the method to evaluate the storage stability of EVs.
Summary: While there are multiple methods available for EVs preservation, each approach comes with its advantage and limitation. At present, the optimal storage method for various components in EVs is still unknown. The incorporation of cryoprotectants has proven beneficial in enhancing EV preservation. However, it’s important to acknowledge that the concentration of cryoprotectants significantly influences the cryopreservation outcome. Current assessment to evaluate EVs preservation emphasize the alterations in the morphology, size, particle number, and protein of EVs during preservation, however, the description on EVs preservation efficiency has not be standardized.
Usage: When HeLa cell-derived EVs underwent lyophilization, the structure and particle size remained unchanged, the zeta-potential remained around -10 mV before and after lyophilization. However, when the EVs were engineered with arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide (R16 peptide) and encapsulated with saporin (SAP), the biological activity of EVs were highly affected after lyophilization (Noguchi et al., 2019).
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
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Hole in one: CD137-ADC eliminates GVHD
Nierkens S, Lindemans CA (2025) Hole in one: CD137-ADC eliminates GVHD. Blood 146(9):1038-1040. doi: 10.1182/blood.2025029867 PMID: 40875553
Objective: To show that a single dose of CD137-ADC can prevent acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) while pre-serving immune reconstitution in a nonhuman primate (NHP) model of stem cell transplantation.
Summary: Results showed that animals treated with CD137-ADC exhibited markedly reduced clinical and histopathological features of GVHD, improved survival, and, notably, no need for additional immunosuppressive therapy. Although still in preclinical development, these findings support the potential for translation to highly needed human therapy.
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
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