saporin

Keilholz AN, Lopez S, Attari M, Nguyen NP, Henry J, Smith CL, Feldberg A, Osman KL, Golzy M, Bunyak F, Lever TE, Nichols NL (2026) Impact of tongue exercise on hypoglossal axis survival, structure, and output in a rodent model of hypoglossal motor neuron degeneration. J Neurophysiol doi: 10.1152/jn.00631.2024 PMID: 42012472

Objective: To investigate the effects of a high-repetition/low-resistance tongue exercise paradigm on XII axis survival, structure, and output in adult male Sprague Dawley rats.

Summary: Intralingual injections of CTB-SAP result in decreased XII motor neuron survival and degenerative changes in the XII nerve consistent with what is seen in many motor neuron diseases. While these deficits are not mitigated by tongue exercise, the authors observed increased microglial fractional area/density in the XII nucleus of CTB-SAP + exercise rats.

Usage: Rats received intralingual injection of either CTB-SAP (IT-14) or unconjugated CTB + SAP (PR-01).

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Yao Z, Shi Z, Hu P, Wang C, Wang H (2026) Visualization of endosomal escape of intracellularly delivered protein with unexpected photochemical internalization of trypan blue. Adv Sci (Weinh) e16456. doi: 10.1002/advs.202516456 PMID: 41961480

Objective: To demonstrate trypan blue as a simple yet powerful tool for advancing intracellular protein delivery and tracking.

Summary: Upon 590 nm light irradiation, trypan blue (TB) acts as a photosensitizer, triggering photochemical internalization (PCI) that promotes endosomal escape and protein release into the cytosol, accompanied by recovery of GFP fluorescence. This TB-mediated PCI not only enhances delivery efficiency but also allows real-time visualization of protein binding and release.

Usage: 143B cells were treated with Saporin, M2/Saporin, and M2/TB/Saporin at different Saporin concentrations, with or without light irradiation.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Lim-Paik C, Zeng Q, Beyea R, Boohaker R, Wang P (2026) Improving cytotoxicity of saporin with saponin SO1406 isolated from the roots of saponaria officinalis. Biomedicines 14(3):626. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines14030626

Objective: To identify structurally defined novel natural saponins and evaluate their ability to enhance anticancer cytotoxicity.

Summary: Saponins have recently emerged as promising natural products that enhance toxin-based anticancer therapeutics by improving cytosol uptake. Among the isolated compounds, SO1684 is a known saponin and SO1406 exhibited the most pronounced biological activity, significantly enhancing the cytotoxicity of the ribosome-inactivating protein saporin in the MDA-MB231 (triple-negative breast cancer) cell line.

Usage: Cells were treated with 50 mL of saporin

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Yang Y, Jia H, Yang L, He B, Zhang K, Liu H (2026) An AIEgen-based carrier enables efficient cytosolic delivery of bioactive proteins. Int J Nanomedicine 21:1-14. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S557672

Summary: The authors report a novel AIEgen (Aggregation-induced emission luminogen) -based carrier, MTPABP-Guided-Intracellular-Carrier (MAGIC), that achieves high efficiency in delivering native proteins into the cytosol. MAGIC efficiently delivered trypsin, RNase A, and saporin into the cytosol of mammalian cell lines while preserving their enzymatic or functional activity. The MAGIC delivery system holds significant promise for advancing the study of cellular physiology and enabling precise therapeutic interventions.

Usage: HeLa cells were treated with MTPABP/saporin complexes. Saporin concentration was 5 μg/mL. Free saporin served as a control.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

McCallum S, Suresh KB, Islam TS, Tripathi MK, Saustad AW, Shelest O, Patil A, Lee D, Kwon B, Leitholf K, Yenokian I, Shaka SE, Beveridge CH, Manchandra P, Randolph CE, Meares GP, Dutta R, Plummer J, Calsavara VF, Kawaguchi R, Knott SRV, Chopra G, Burda JE (2026) Lesion-remote astrocytes govern microglia-mediated white matter repair. Nature 649(8098):959-970. doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09887-y PMID: 41407858

Objective: To investigate Lesion-remote astrocytes (LRAs) from spared regions of mouse spinal cord following traumatic spinal cord injury.

Summary: The nature of astrocyte-extrinsic mechanisms that trigger discrete reactivity states are not well understood. Using Ccn1 expression as a biomarker of a molecularly distinct white matter LRA reactivity state, the authors explored the mechanism of its induction. IB4-SAP and CTB-SAP were injected in mice to selectively degenerate myelinated or non-myelinated sensory afferents, respectively.

Usage: 8 μg (10μl of 0.8 μg μl−1 in PBS) of Saporin (PR-01), IB4-SAP (IT-10) or CTB-SAP (IT-14) was injected subcutaneously into the plantar surface of the left hindpaw foot pad using a 30G insulin syringe.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01), IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Du R, Zhang Y, Wu S, Zixing W, Jing W (2025) Progress, opportunity, and perspective on long term preservation of extracellular vesicles. SSRN ssrn.5553381. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.5553381

Objective: To provide an overview of the biology, function, and biomedical application of Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and introduce the method to evaluate the storage stability of EVs.

Summary: While there are multiple methods available for EVs preservation, each approach comes with its advantage and limitation. At present, the optimal storage method for various components in EVs is still unknown. The incorporation of cryoprotectants has proven beneficial in enhancing EV preservation. However, it’s important to acknowledge that the concentration of cryoprotectants significantly influences the cryopreservation outcome. Current assessment to evaluate EVs preservation emphasize the alterations in the morphology, size, particle number, and protein of EVs during preservation, however, the description on EVs preservation efficiency has not be standardized.

Usage: When HeLa cell-derived EVs underwent lyophilization, the structure and particle size remained unchanged, the zeta-potential remained around -10 mV before and after lyophilization. However, when the EVs were engineered with arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide (R16 peptide) and encapsulated with saporin (SAP), the biological activity of EVs were highly affected after lyophilization (Noguchi et al., 2019).

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Noguchi, K., Hirano, M., Hashimoto, T., Yuba, E., Takatani-Nakase, T., Nakase, I., 2019. Effects of Lyophilization of Arginine-rich Cell-penetrating Peptide-modified Extracellular Vesicles on Intracellular Delivery. Anticancer Res 39, 6701-6709.

Nierkens S, Lindemans CA (2025) Hole in one: CD137-ADC eliminates GVHD. Blood 146(9):1038-1040. doi: 10.1182/blood.2025029867 PMID: 40875553

Objective: To show that a single dose of CD137-ADC can prevent acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) while pre-serving immune reconstitution in a nonhuman primate (NHP) model of stem cell transplantation.

Summary: Results showed that animals treated with CD137-ADC exhibited markedly reduced clinical and histopathological features of GVHD, improved survival, and, notably, no need for additional immunosuppressive therapy. Although still in preclinical development, these findings support the potential for translation to highly needed human therapy.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Gerdemann U, Kimler K, Warren MR, McGuckin C, Fleming RA, D’Ambra MR, Eran A, Albanese A, Chen E, Winschel MB, Cagnin L, Lane J, Gorfinkel L, Adams BW, Kwun J, Lanieri L, Hoban MD, Lamothe TL, Hyzy SL, Olson LM, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Prockop SE, Blazar BR, Kean LS, Tkachev V (2025) A single dose of a CD137 antibody-drug conjugate protects nonhuman primate allogeneic HCT recipients against acute GVHD. Blood blood.2024027239. doi: 10.1182/blood.2024027239 PMID: 40504994

Shang Y, Gan X, Dang Y, Liu J, Liu P (2025) The physiological and pathological mechanisms of LIN2, LIN7, LIN10 and their tripartite complex. J Cell Mol Med 29(15):e70794. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.70794 PMID: 40801824

Objective: To furnish a robust theoretical foundation for the prospective utilization of polarity proteins and their complex as cancer markers and therapeutic targets.

Summary: Authors have found that LIN2, LIN7, and LIN10, as well as their complexes, play important roles in the establishment and maintenance of apical-basal polarity. They are also involved in two physiological processes: synaptic transmission and receptor localization. Additionally, LIN2, LIN7, and LIN10 are linked to the pathological processes of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Meanwhile, they regulate the proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis of cancer cells through various pathways.

Usage: The PDZ domain of LIN2 can target binding to CD98, a negative prognostic marker for human glioblastoma cells. Constructing a chimera of the PDZ domain of LIN2 with the ribosome-inactivating protein Saporin (PR-01) and enhancing the activity of this chimera as the number of PDZ domains increases can effectively increase cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells, GL15 and U87.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Park S, Lu GL, Zheng YC, Davison EK, Li Y (2025) Nanoparticle-based delivery strategies for combating drug resistance in cancer therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 17(16):2628. doi: 10.3390/cancers17162628 PMID: 40867257

Objective: To explore how nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems can address the challenge of resistance to chemotherapy and targeted therapy by improving drug accumulation in tumors, enhancing targeting specificity, and enabling controlled or stimulus-responsive drug release.

Summary: Nanoparticle-based drug delivery strategies offer a promising and multifaceted approach to overcoming multidrug resistance in cancer therapy. Nanocarriers can address many limitations and challenges associated with conventional chemotherapy by enhancing the intracellular drug accumulation at tumor sites, bypassing efflux transporters, facilitating targeted delivery, and enabling in vivo gene modulation.

Usage: Lipid-saporin nanoparticles were utilized to bypass efflux transporters via the co-delivery of anticancer drugs with ABC transporters, leading to an increase in intracellular drug concentrations and the re-sensitization of drug-resistant cancer cells to chemotherapy.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Li Y, Liu J, Yao L, Mao T, Wang X, He Z, Lyu J, Wang W (2025) Synergistic effect of guanidinium and tertiary amine groups on boosting gene delivery. JACS Au 5(8):3951-3959. doi: 10.1021/jacsau.5c00592 PMID: 40881396

Objective: To design and develop a new versatile branched poly (β-aminoester) (PAE)-based delivery system by incorporating the synergistic effects of guanidinium and tertiary amine functional groups, resulting in enhanced nucleic acid (DNA/mRNA) delivery.

Summary: The results show that self-assembly occurs when polymers containing different functional groups are mixed, which changes the interactions between molecules and significantly affects the structure of the polyplex. This synergy was found to significantly enhance cellular uptake, contributing to improved transfection efficiency.

Usage: The protein delivery capabilities of these polymers were further evaluated by delivering the toxic protein Saporin (SAP) in HEK cells. The results showed that all polymers were effective, with cell killing rates exceeding 70%; however, no significant differences were observed among the polymers.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)