saporin

Gunasekaran M, Sarvananda L, Premarathna AD, (2025) Enhancing monoclonal antibodies with natural products: Mechanisms and applications. Intelligent Pharmacy 3(1):84-89. doi: 10.1016/j.ipha.2024.09.002

Objective: To investigate the novel application of beta-glucan analogs engineered for enhanced immunomodulatory effects, targeting not only malignant cells but also the tumor microenvironment to optimize mAb penetration.

Summary: By combining plant-based expression systems with synthetic biology tools, creating a hybrid platform that surpasses traditional plant or mammalian systems in both yield and safety. This approach not only reduces production costs but also introduces a scalable method for the rapid adaptation of mAbs in response to emerging pathogens or tumor mutations.

Usage: Combining trastuzumab and cetuximab with the plant-derived toxin saporin (PR-01) resulted in a significant increase in cytotoxicity against tumor cells. This approach, especially when paired with plant glycosides, promotes the release of toxins into the cytoplasm, resulting in total cell death in select cancer cell types.

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Langellotto MD, Rassu G, Serri C, Demartis S, Giunchedi P, Gavini E (2024) Plant-derived extracellular vesicles: a synergetic combination of a drug delivery system and a source of natural bioactive compounds. Springer Nature 11(3):831-845. doi: 10.1007/s13346-024-01698-4 PMID: 39196501

Objective: This review intends to provide adequate tools for studying and developing drug delivery systems based on plant-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs).

Summary: Freeze-drying could be useful for preserving plant-derived exosomes at higher temperatures without affecting their size, morphology or other parameters. Still, it may reduce protein activity, as reported by Noguchi and coworkers, who observed a diminished biological activity of protein saporin after its encapsulation in EVs and freeze-drying.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Noguchi K, Hirano M, Hashimoto T, Yuba E, Takatani-Nakase T, Nakase I (2019) Effects of lyophilization of arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide-modified extracellular vesicles on intracellular delivery. Anticancer Res 39(12):6701-6709. doi: 10.21873/anticanres.13885 PMID: 31810935

Zhao L, Ren Z, Wang C, Wang H, Wu Q, Hou Q, Qi X, He W, Zhang X, Wan J , Zhoui M, Fu Z (2024) A cocktail of engineered chimeric antibodies targeting the central nervous system produces a broad-spectrum therapeutic effect for symptomatic rabies. Research Square preprint. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4838561/v1

Objective: To construct and assess four chimeric human-mouse antibodies with high neutralizing activity and affinity against rabies virus (RABV), further identifying their targeted antigenic epitopes as I, II, and IV.

Summary: Results showed that combined treatment of RABV-infected mice with three SynB1-antibodies targeting different epitopes could reduce clinical symptoms and increase survival ratio to 80%. Collectively, the non-invasive brain delivery method based on hybrid antibody-conjugated cell-penetrating peptides offers a promising strategy for the effective treatment of broad-spectrum symptomatic rabies.

Usage: Saporin was suggested as a payload for SynB1 antibodies based on researchers who investigated the use of THR peptides targeting transferrin receptor protein 1 (TFR1) conjugated with drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, APOE peptides attached to Saporin (PR-01) to target low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) for glioma therapy, and the TGN peptide-Saporin, which has been studied in the field of epilepsy.

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See Also:

• Daniels-Wells TR et al. Insights into the mechanism of cell death induced by saporin delivered into cancer cells by an antibody fusion protein targeting the transferrin receptor 1. Toxicol In Vitro 27(1):220-231, 2013.
• Branco F et al. Peptide-hitchhiking for the development of nanosystems in glioblastoma. ACS Nano 18(26):16359-16394, 2024.
• Thankachan S et al. Ventrolateral periaquaductal gray (vlPAG): Key area for REM sleep propensity. Neuroscience 2008 Abstracts 586.3/SS36, 2008. Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC

Liu M, Zhou S, Cao Y, Yang K, Xiao Y, Wang W (2024) Characterization of MAP c21873-1 as a new counter-selectable marker for unmarked genetic modification of Pichia pastoris. Microb Cell Fact 23(1):224. doi: 10.1186/s12934-024-02496-w PMID: 39118053

Objective: To establish a new counter-selectable marker-based strategy for seamless modification with high efficiency and low toxicity.

Summary: Development of MAP c21873-1 as a novel counter-selectable marker which could perform efficient gene knock-in by site-directed HR.

Usage: MazF, c21873-1, c23467 and twenty-four RIPs were selected to construct a phylogenetic tree to investigate their relationships in the evolutionary history. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that c21873-1 and c23467 are closely relative to type I RIPs such as PAP-S and saporin (PR-01).

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See Also:

• Kuroda K et al. Saporin toxin-conjugated monoclonal antibody targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen has potent anticancer activity. Prostate 70(12):1286-1294, 2010.

Zeynalzadeh E, Khodadadi E, Khodadadi E, Ahmadian Z, Kazeminava F, Rasoulzadehzali M, Samadi Kafil H (2024) Navigating the neurological frontier: Macromolecular marvels in overcoming blood-brain barrier challenges for advanced drug delivery. Heliyon 10(15):e35562. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35562 PMID: 39170552

Objective: To understand how nanoparticles interact with the blood-brain barrier.

Summary: Enhancing the bioavailability of nano formulations at the intended site is critical. The use of surface ligands that target brain endothelial cell receptors may improve BBB penetration. In summary, nanomaterials offer vast potential in the realm of brain-targeted therapies, from early detection to effective treatment.

Usage: Saporin (PR-01) was cited for protein toxin delivery as a therepeutic agent for BBB penetration.

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See Also:

• Y.Jiang,W.Yang,J.Zhang,F.Meng,Z.Zhong, Protein toxin chaperoned by LRP-1-targeted virus-mimicking vesicles induces high-efficiency glioblastoma therapy in vivo,Adv.Mater.30(2018)1800316.

Wang Y, Zou R, Zhou Y, Zheng Y, Peng C, Liu Y, Tan H, Fu Q, Ding M (2024) Unraveling mechanisms of protein encapsulation and release in coacervates via molecular dynamics and machine learning. Chem Sci 15(33):13442-13451. doi: 10.1039/D4SC03061C PMID: 39183928

Objective: To investigate bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein encapsulation and release within polylysine/polyglutamate (PLys/PGlu) coacervates and to conduct simulations of the coacervate encapsulation of saporin, lysozyme, actin, and EGFP proteins in the LG, GL and SIM sequence to explore the potential extension of the ingredient addition sequence effect to other proteins.

Summary: Findings emphasize the importance of ingredient addition sequence in coacervate formation and encapsulation rates, attributed to preference contact between oppositely charged proteins and poly(amino acid)s. Notably, coacervates composed of b-sheet poly(amino acid)s demonstrate greater BSA encapsulation efficiency due to their reduced entropy and flexibility. The positively charged saporin and lysozyme protein exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency when first combined with PGlu, followed by the addition of PLys.

Usage: The authors conducted simulations of the coacervate encapsulation of saporin (PR-01).

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Xia L, Luo L, Liu J, Liu L, Han H, Xia R, Guo L, Xie J, Tang L (2024) A glycoprotein-based surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy–lateral flow assay method for abrin and ricin detection. Toxins (Basel) 16(7):312. doi: 10.3390/toxins16070312 PMID: 39057952

Objective: To generate stable and high-affinity nanotags, via an efficient freezing method, to serve as the capture module for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and lateral flow assay (LFA) (SERS-LFA).

Summary: The detection method demonstrated good inter-batch and intra-batch reproducibility among the test strips, and the detection could be completed within 15 min, indicating the suitability of this SERS-LFA method for the on-site rapid detection of abrin and ricin toxins.

Usage: The specificity of the test strip for abrin was assessed against RCA120, AAG, RTB, RTA, Stx1, Stx2, saporin, and SEB. Proteins, such as RTA, Stx 1, Stx 2,saporin, and SEB, did not cross-react with this assay.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Kolster M, Sonntag A, Weise C, Correa J, Fuchs H, Walther W, Fernandez-Megia E, Weng A (2024) Broadening the scope of sapofection: Cationic peptide-saponin conjugates improve gene delivery in vitro and in vivo. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 16(28):36095-36105. doi: 10.1021/acsami.4c05846 PMID: 38970470

Objective: Using Saponin to enhance delivery of gene therapies to cancer cells

Summary: Saponins hold promise in enhancing the endosomal escape of gene therapy vectors into cells, thereby increasing efficacy. The Saponin, SO1861, was conjugated to either a pH-sensitive peptide linker or Saporin, and internalization of the payload was measured. Saponin was shown to enhance delivery of gene therapies to cells of an aggressively growing neuroblastoma allograft model in mice.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Branco F, Cunha J, Mendes M, Vitorino C, Sousa JJ (2024) Peptide-hitchhiking for the development of nanosystems in glioblastoma. ACS Nano 18(26):16359-16394. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01790 PMID: 38861272

Objective: To review single and multiligand strategies to deliver therapeutic treatment to Glioblastoma (GBM).

Summary: The exploration of multitargeting ligands has shown great promise in GBM treatment, particularly when compared to single-targeting approaches. These ligands simultaneously use different peptides to engage a range of overexpressed receptors. These advanced strategies enhance the precision of drug delivery, facilitate BBB penetration, and enable targeting specific molecular pathways within the complex microenvironment of GBM.

Usage: ApoE-modified saporin-loaded chimeric polymersomes showed a highly efficient crossing of the BBB and accumulation in GBM.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Kumawat C, Takahashi T, Date I, Tomita Y, Tanaka M, Arataki S, Komatsubara T, Flores AOP, Yu D, Jain M (2024) State-of-the-art and new treatment approaches for spinal cord tumors. Cancers (Basel) 16(13):2360. doi: 10.3390/cancers16132360 PMID: 39001422

Objective: To discuss innovative approaches in treating spinal cord tumors.

Summary: Gene therapy holds the potential to modify the genes responsible for tumor growth, while immunotherapy harnesses the body’s own immune system to fight cancer cells. Targeted therapy aims to strike a specific vulnerability within the tumor cells, offering a more precise and potentially less toxic approach.

Usage: A notable study by Yan et al. involved a novel bone-targeted protein nanomedicine that combines saporin with a boronated polymer, encapsulated in an anionic poly (aspartic acid) layer. In mouse models, these nanoparticles accumulated in the bone and released saporin in response to the acidic tumor environment, effectively inactivating ribosomes and inducing cancer cell death.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Yan Y et al. Targeted and intracellular delivery of protein therapeutics by a boronated polymer for the treatment of bone tumors. Bioact Mater 7:333-340, 2021.