saporin

Joseph EK, Chen X, Bogen O, Levine JD (2008) Oxaliplatin acts on IB4-positive nociceptors to induce an oxidative stress-dependent acute painful peripheral neuropathy. J Pain 9:463-472. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2008.01.335

Summary: Oxaliplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapy agent. Use of this reagent produces various pathological pain states, depending on the dosage site. The authors administered 3.2-µg intrathecal injections of IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), using saporin (Cat. #PR-01) as a control. Lesioning IB4-binding neurons in the dorsal horn completely prevented oxaliplatin-induced hyperalgesia, indicating that the IB4-positive nociceptor neuronal subset is crucial to this type of neuropathy.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01), IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10)

Kline IV RH, Wiley RG (2008) Spinal mu-opioid receptor-expressing dorsal horn neurons: role in nociception and morphine antinociception. J Neurosci 28:904-913. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4452-07.2008

Summary: The authors used Dermorphin-SAP (Cat. #IT-12) to investigate the function of spinal cord mu-opioid receptor (MOR)-expressing dorsal horn neurons in nociception and morphine analgesia. Rats were treated with 500 ng intrathecal injections of Dermorphin-SAP; 500 ng of Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21), and up to 1 µg of Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) were used as controls. The data indicate that MOR-expressing dorsal horn neurons are necessary for morphine action and play a role in nocifensive responses to persistent pain in the formalin test.

Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Daniels TR, Ng PP, Delgado T, Lynch MR, Schiller G, Helguera G, Penichet ML (2007) Conjugation of an anti transferrin receptor IgG3-avidin fusion protein with biotinylated saporin results in significant enhancement of its cytotoxicity against malignant hematopoietic cells. Mol Cancer Ther 6:2995-3008. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-07-0330

Summary: The human transferrin receptor (hTfR) is overexpressed in malignant cells. Using Advanced Targeting System’s custom biotinylation service, the authors combined an anti-hTfR antibody-avidin fusion protein with biotinylated saporin (Cat. #PR-01, saporin alone), and examined the effect of the combined complex on cancer cells in vitro. Although the antibody-avidin fusion protein has an intrinsic cytotoxic effect, the fusion protein-saporin complex was able to eliminate the population of cells that showed resistance to the fusion protein alone.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Khan IM, Wart CV, Singletary EA, Stanislaus S, Deerinck T, Yaksh TL, Printz MP (2008) Elimination of rat spinal substance P receptor bearing neurons dissociates cardiovascular and nocifensive responses to nicotinic agonists. Neuropharmacology 54(2):269-279. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.09.014

Summary: Nocifensive behavior and cardiovascular responses due to nicotinic agonists may be sustained by substance P-positive primary afferents. Rats received 10-µl intrathecal injections of 10 µM SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07); unconjugated saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Lesioned animals displayed reduced nocifensive response to nicotinic agonists. Tachycardia and pressor responses were enhanced upon administration of cytisine and epibatidine.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01), SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07)

Schiltz JC, Sawchenko PE (2007) Specificity and generality of the involvement of catecholaminergic afferents in hypothalamic responses to immune insults. J Comp Neurol 502:455-467. doi: 10.1002/cne.21329

Summary: Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is one of the cytokines that mediates interactions between the immune system and the central nervous system. 380-ng injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) were made into the paraventricular nucleus (PVH) of rats. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) and mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) were used as controls. Lesioned animals demonstrated reduced responses to administration of IL-1, but restraint stress responses were left intact. The data suggest that ascending catecholaminergic projections mediate PVH response to IL-1.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Pascual J, Heinrichs SC (2007) Olfactory neophobia and seizure susceptibility phenotypes in an animal model of epilepsy are normalized by impairment of brain corticotropin releasing factor. Epilepsia 48:827-833. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01024.x

Summary: Olfactory recognition has been linked to epilepsy in behavioral phenotype models. This work examines the role brain stress neuropeptides play in the manifestation of neurological perturbations. Mice were injected with 2 µg/5 µl of CRF-SAP (Cat. #IT-13) into the lateral ventricle. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. The lesioned mice displayed a temporary reduction in seizure susceptibility, and the reversal of olfactory deficits towards the detection of food.

Related Products: CRF-SAP (Cat. #IT-13), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Vera-Portocarrero LP, Zhang ET, King T, Ossipov MH, Vanderah TW, Lai J, Porreca F (2007) Spinal NK-1 receptor expressing neurons mediate opioid-induced hyperalgesia and antinociceptive tolerance via activation of descending pathways. Pain 129:35-45. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.09.033

Summary: Administration of opioids can induce hyperalgesia in humans and other mammals. In this work the authors examined the role of NK-1 receptor-expressing neurons in the spinal dorsal horn during a hyperalgesic condition not induced by tissue injury. 5 µl of 10 µM SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07) was injected into the intrathecal space of rats. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Osmotic pumps then delivered morphine. Data from the lesioned animals indicate that NK-1 receptor-expressing neurons play a critical role in this hyperalgesic circuit.

Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Abdala AP, Schoorlemmer GH, Colombari E (2006) Ablation of NK(1) receptor bearing neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract blunts cardiovascular reflexes in awake rats. Brain Res 1119(1):165-173. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.059

Summary: Cardiovascular function is largely controlled by the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS). This work focuses on the baroreflex, cardiopulmonary chemoreflex, and arterial chemoreflex. Rats were injected with either 20 nl of 2 µM SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07) into the subpostremal NTS, or 200 nl into the subpostremal and commissural NTS. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Using various testing methods it was established that NK-1 receptor-expressing neurons in the NTS are critical for these reflexes.

Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Keener WK, Rivera VR, Young CC, Poli MA (2006) An activity-dependent assay for ricin and related RNA N-glycosidases based on electrochemiluminescence. Anal Biochem 357(2):200-207. doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.07.005

Summary: The authors use synthetic biotinylated RNA substrates to assay adenine-specific RNA N-glycosidases, one of which is saporin (Cat. #PR-01). The RNA substrates are annealed to a ruthenylated oligodeoxynucleotide, allowing the capture of ruthenium chelate on magnetic beads. The N-glycosidase activity can then be detected by enzyme-linked chemiluminescence. The developed assay provides a robust method for assessing threats involving N-glycosidases.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Bugarith K, Dinh TT, Li AJ, Speth RC, Ritter S (2006) Featured Article: Basomedial hypothalamic injections of neuropeptide Y conjugated to saporin selectively disrupt hypothalamic controls of food intake. Targeting Trends 7(4)

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

See Also:

• Bugarith K et al. Basomedial hypothalamic injections of neuropeptide Y conjugated to saporin selectively disrupt hypothalamic controls of food intake. Endocrinology 146(3):1179-1191, 2005.