control-conjugates

Oti T, Satoh K, Uta D, Nagafuchi J, Tateishi S, Ueda R, Takanami K, Young LJ, Galione A, Morris JF, Sakamoto T, Sakamoto H (2021) Oxytocin influences male sexual activity via non-synaptic axonal release in the spinal cord. Curr Biol 31(1):103-114.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.089

Summary: Oxytocin directly activates SEG (Spinal Ejaculation Generator)/GRP (Gastrin-Releasing Peptide) neurons via OXTRs (Oxytocin Receptors) and influences male sexual function in the rat lumbar spinal cord.

Usage: Oxytocin-SAP (4 or 40 ng) was infused slowly into the L3 and L4 spinal cord. Blank-SAP was used as control.

Related Products: Oxytocin-SAP (Cat. #IT-46), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Tapa S, Wang L, Francis Stuart SD, Wang Z, Jiang Y, Habecker BA, Ripplinger CM (2020) Adrenergic supersensitivity and impaired neural control of cardiac electrophysiology following regional cardiac sympathetic nerve loss. Sci Rep 10:18801. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75903-y

Summary: The authors present a novel mouse model of regional cardiac sympathetic hypo-innervation utilizing Anti-DBH-SAP.

Usage: Either 5μL of 40 ng/μL Anti-DBH-SAP or Mouse IgG-SAP (control) was applied three times directly to the exposed apical/anterior surface of the heart.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Persaud SP, Ritchey JK, Choi J, Ruminski PG, Cooper ML, Rettig MP, DiPersio JF (2020) Antibody-drug conjugates targeting CD45 plus Janus kinase inhibitors effectively condition for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. bioRxiv 2020.10.02.324475. doi: 10.1101/2020.10.02.324475

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27), Blank-Streptavidin-SAP (Cat. #IT-27B)

Liu X, Wang D, Wen Y, Zeng L, Li Y, Tao T, Zhao Z, Tao A (2020) Spinal GRPR and NPRA contribute to chronic itch in a murine model of allergic contact dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 140(9):1856-1866.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.01.016

Objective: The authors investigated the peripheral and spinal mechanisms responsible for prolonged itch in a mouse model of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) induced by squaric acid dibutylester (SADBE).

Summary: Targeting gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) and natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPRA) may provide effective treatments for ACD associated chronic pruritus.

Usage: A single dose of Bombesin-SAP (400 ng) and Blank-SAP (400 ng) or two doses of Nppb-SAP (BNP-SAP; 650 ng) and Blank-SAP (650 ng) were administered via intrathecal injection.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Kiguchi N, Uta D, Ding H, Uchida H, Saika F, Matsuzaki S, Fukazawa Y, Abe M, Sakimura K, Ko MC, Kishioka S (2020) GRP receptor and AMPA receptor cooperatively regulate itch-responsive neurons in the spinal dorsal horn. Neuropharmacology 170:108025. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108025

Objective: To investigate the mechanisms for the activation of itch-responsive GRPR+ neurons in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH).

Summary: These findings demonstrate that GRP and glutamate cooperatively regulate GRPR+ AMPAR+ neurons in SDH, mediating itch sensation. GRP–GRPR and the glutamate–AMPAR system may play pivotal roles in the spinal transmission of itch in rodents and nonhuman primates.

Usage: Bombesin-SAP and Blank-SAP were administered i.t. (5 μg/5 μl).

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Harris RBS (2020) Loss of leptin receptor-expressing cells in the hindbrain decreases forebrain leptin sensitivity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 318(5):E806-E816. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00020.2020

Objective: This study tested whether loss of hindbrain leptin receptor signaling changed sensitivity to forebrain leptin.

Summary: Loss of VMH (ventromedial nucleus of hippocampus) leptin receptor-expressing cells prevents weight loss. The integrated response between the hindbrain and forebrain is heavily dependent upon leptin activity in the VMH.

Usage: To test forebrain leptin sensitivity Leptin-SAP and Blank-SAP rats received third ventricle injections of 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25 or 0.5 μg leptin.

Related Products: Leptin-SAP (Cat. #IT-47), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Qian L, Kasas L, Milne MR, Rawashdeh O, Marks N, Sharma A, Bellingham MC, Coulson EJ (2020) Cholinergic basal forebrain degeneration due to obstructive sleep apnoea increases Alzheimer’s pathology in mice. bioRxiv 2020.03.12.989848. doi: 10.1101/2020.03.12.989848

Usage: bilateral injections of urotensin II-saporin (UII-SAP; 0.07 μg/μL per site – unless stated otherwise; generous gift from Advanced Targeting Systems)

Related Products: Custom Conjugates, Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Bernabe CS, Caliman IF, Truitt WA, Molosh AI, Lowry CA, Hay-Schmidt A, Shekhar A, Johnson PL (2020) Using loss- and gain-of-function approaches to target amygdala-projecting serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus that enhance anxiety-related and conditioned fear behaviors. J Psychopharmacol 34(4):400-411. doi: 10.1177/0269881119900981

Objective: To investigate the role of amygdala-projecting 5-HT neurons in the DR in innate anxiety and conditioned fear behaviors.

Summary: The studies support the hypothesis that amygdala-projecting 5-HT neurons in the DR represent an anxiety and fear-on network.

Usage: Each rat received two bilateral microinjections per site (100 nL each, 1 μM in artificial cerebrospinal fluid) of either Anti-SERT-SAP or the control Mouse IgG-SAP.

Related Products: Anti-SERT-SAP (Cat. #IT-23), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Zhang F, Huan L, Xu T, Li G, Zheng B, Zhao H, Guo Y, Shi J, Sun J, Chen A (2020) Inflammatory macrophages facilitate mechanical stress-induced osteogenesis. Aging (Albany NY) 12(4):3617-3625. doi: 10.18632/aging.102833

Summary: In a mouse model of distraction osteogenesis (DO), there was significant increase in macrophages in the regeneration area. This suggests that targeting inflammatory macrophages may help to improve clinical bone repair.

Usage: For saporin-mediated depletion of macrophages, DO-surgery-treated mice received an intraventricular (iv) injection of either Mac-1-SAP or Rat IgG-SAP (20µg) once every 3 days.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06), Rat IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-17)

Goodman RL, He W, Lopez JA, Bedenbaugh MN, McCosh RB, Bowdridge EC, Coolen LM, Lehman MN, Hileman SM (2019) Evidence that the LH surge in ewes involves both neurokinin B–dependent and –independent actions of kisspeptin. Endocrinology 160(12):2990-3000. doi: 10.1210/en.2019-00597

Objective: To determine if NKB is involved in the RCh of the ewe in the LH surge.

Summary: NKB signaling in the RCh increases kisspeptin levels critical for the full amplitude of the LH surge in the ewe, but kisspeptin release occurs independently of retrochiamatic area (RCh) input at the onset of the surge to initiate GnRH secretion.

Usage: Bilaterial injections in the RCh of either NK3-SAP or Blank-SAP.

Related Products: NKB-SAP (Cat. #IT-63), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)