References

Wehner A, Milen A, Albin R, Pierchala B (2016) The p75 neurotrophin receptor augments survival signaling in the striatum of pre-symptomatic Q175(WT/HD) mice. Neuroscience 324:297-306. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.069 PMID: 26947127

Summary: Huntington’s disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder. It’s characterized by a combination of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric features. Striatal spiny neurons are dependent on brain-derived neurotropic factor for proper function and survival. Studies suggest both the receptors for BDNF, TrkB and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75), are improperly regulated in the striata of HD patients and mouse models. The authors investigated the role of p75 in the Q175 knock-in mouse model of HD be examining levels of activation of downstream signaling molecules to determine if p75 represents a promising therapeutic target. Anti-NGFr (mup75) (Cat. #AB-N01AP) was used at a 1:2000 dilution in immunoblotting. The data suggest that p75 signaling plays an early role in augmenting pro-survival signaling in the striatum and that disruption of p75 signaling at a pre-symptomatic age may exacerbate pathologic changes in these knock-in mouse models.

Related Products: NGFr (mu p75) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N01AP)

Mohammed M, Kulasekara K, Ootsuka Y, Blessing W (2016) Locus coeruleus noradrenergic innervation of the amygdala facilitates alerting-induced constriction of the rat tail artery. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 310:R1109-1119. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00058.2016

Summary: The researchers tested the hypothesis that release of noradrenaline within the amygdala is important for the occurrence of SCVARS (sympathetic cutaneous vasoconstrictor alerting responses). A long-shanked 5-μl glass micropipette calibrated in 100-nl steps, was filled with vehicle or Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03). Anti-DBH-SAP (5 μg in 250 nl) or vehicle was injected into the amygdala during ∼1 min, and the pipette was left in place for an additional The locus coeruleus has been implicated in many aspects of emotional arousal, so that functional inhibition of the extensive locus coeruleus-derived noradrenergic innervation of centers known to be important in emotional arousal, including the amygdala, is likely to contribute to the therapeutic actions of clonidine-like agents. The locus coeruleus also has major reciprocal connections with the orexin-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamus, and rats with genetically lesioned orexin receptor neurons (alternatively, oen could lesion with Orexin-SAP, Cat. #IT-20) have reduced emotional arousal as reflected in reduced SCVAR responses to alerting stimuli.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Iizuka K, Yokomizo T, Watanabe N, Tanaka Y, Osato M, Takaku T, Komatsu N (2016) Lack of phenotypical and morphological evidences of endothelial to hematopoietic transition in the murine embryonic head during hematopoietic stem cell emergence. PLoS One 11:e0156427. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156427 PMID: 27227884

Summary: Hemogenic endothelial cells have been observed in several embryonic tissues, such as the dorsal aorta, the placenta and the yolk sac. Recent work also suggest that the mouse embryonic head also produces hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)/progenitors. However, a histological basis for HSC generation in the head hasn’t been determined because the hematopoietic cluster and hemogenic endothelium have not been well characterized. The authors in this study used whole-mount immunostaining and 3D confocal reconstruction techniques to analyze both c-Kit hematopoietic cluster and Runx1 hemogenic endothelium in the whole-head vasculature. Alexa488 labeled anti-NGFr (Cat. #FL-N01AP) was used in flow cytometry. The number of c-Kit hematopoietic cells was 20-fold less in the head arteries than in the dorsal aorta. In addition, nascent hematopoietic cells, observed by a budding structure and a Runx1 hemogenic endothelium, were not observed in the head. These results suggest that head HSCs may not be or are rarely generated from the endothelium in the same manner as aortic HSCs.

Related Products: NGFr (mu p75) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified Alexa488-labeled (Cat. #AB-N01APFLA)

Dickey D, Thomas G, Dassie J, Giangrande P (2016) Method for confirming cytoplaintratumoral anti-HuD immunotoxinsmic delivery of RNA aptamers. (eds. Shum K, Rossi J). In: SiRNA Delivery Methods. Methods in Molecular Biology. 1364:209-217. Humana Press, New York, NY. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3112-5_17

Objective: To describe a functional assay (RIP assay) to confirm cellular uptake and subsequent cytoplasmic release of an RNA aptamer which binds to a cell surface receptor expressed on prostate cancer cells (PSMA).

Summary: This publication details an in vitro functional assay to confirm that the aptamer retains function following conjugation to saporin and describe a cellular assay to measure aptamer-mediated saporin-induced cytotoxicity.

Usage: The folded biotinylated aptamer was mixed at a 1:4 molar ratio of Streptavidin-ZAP, confirmed by agarose gel, a PSMA enzymatic activity (NAALADase) assay performed. FGF-SAP was used as a control.

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27), FGF-SAP (Cat. #IT-38)

Matsuura T, Kawasaki M, Hashimoto H, Yoshimura M, Motojima Y, Saito R, Ueno H, Maruyama T, Sabanai K, Mori T, Ohnishi H, Sakai A, Ueta Y (2016) Effects of central administration of oxytocin-saporin cytotoxin on chronic inflammation and feeding/drinking behaviors in adjuvant arthritic rats. Neurosci Lett 621:104-110. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.04.010

Summary: In the present study, Oxytocin-SAP, which chemically disrupts oxytocin (OXT signaling was administered centrally and an OXT receptor (OXTR) antagonist administered peripherally to determine whether central and peripheral OXT is involved in chronic inflammation and feeding/drinking behavior in adjuvant arthritis (AA) rats. Rats were injected i.t. with Oxytocin-SAP (Cat. #IT-46) or Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) dissolved in saline (0.06 μg/μl). The results demonstrated that the arthritis index values were significantly enhanced and suppression of food intake was transiently attenuated in Oxytocin-SAP treated rats when AA developed, The arthritis index and food intake did not significantly change in the OXTR antagonist i.p.-injected rats. These results suggest that central oxytocinergic pathways may be involved in anti-inflammation at the spinal level and suppression of feeding behavior at the forebrain-brainstem level in AA rats.

Related Products: Oxytocin-SAP (Cat. #IT-46), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Angioni L, Cocco C, Ferri G, Argiolas A, Melis M, Sanna F (2016) Involvement of nigral oxytocin in locomotor activity: A behavioral, immunohistochemical and lesion study in male rats. Horm Behav 83:23-38. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.05.012

Summary: Oxytocin is well known for its hormonal role in lactation and parturition, but also exerts widespread actions in central nervous system. Previous experiments revealed the existence of a correlation between the changes in locomotor activity found in Oxytocin-SAP-treated rats and the extent of the changes in nigral TH and vesicular glutamate transporters immunoreactivity, provide support for a modulatory role of oxytocin on locomotor activity at the level of the substantia nigra. The day after a prior assessment of spontaneous locomotor activity, rats were randomly injected bilaterally with 0.3 μL of Oxytocin-SAP (Cat. #IT-46, 60 ng/μL/site), or with the same amount of Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21, 60 ng/μL/site) or with vehicle (0.3 μL/site of PBS, pH 7.4). Whether oxytocin may be considered as a target for controlling motor disturbances, as those occurring in Parkinson’s disease and/or in other motor disturbances related to basal ganglia dysfunctions, remains to be evaluated

Related Products: Oxytocin-SAP (Cat. #IT-46), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Lee S, Diener K, Kaufman S, Krieger J, Pettersen K, Jejelava N, Arnold M, Watts A, Langhans W (2016) Limiting glucocorticoid secretion increases the anorexigenic property of Exendin-4. Mol Metab 5:552-565. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.04.008

Summary: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs lower blood surgar levels and cause a loss of appetite. Exendin-4 (Ex-4) is a GLP-1 receptor agonist, and also increases glucocorticoid secretion. Several tests were conducted to determine if the released glucocorticoids interact with Ex-4’s anorexigneic effect. One method involved ablating hindbrain catecholaminergic neurons by stereotaxically injecting 42 ng of Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) bilaterally into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats. Animals were injected with equimolar concentrations of unconjugated Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) as a control. Anti-DBH-SAP lesions reduced the efficacy of Ex-4 to increase corticosterone secretion but increased the anorexigenic effect, indicating that Ex-4-dependent corticosterone secretion opposes Ex-4’s actions. Anti-DBH-SAP lesions increased Ex-4’s ability to reduce food intake and body weight.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Marycz K, Marędziak M, Grzesiak J, Szarek D, Lis A, Laska J (2016) Polyurethane/polylactide-blend films doped with zinc ions for the growth and expansion of human olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal stem cells (ASCs) for regenerative medicine applications. Polymers (Basel 8(5):175. doi: 10.3390/polym8050175 PMID: 30979270

Objective: To show that polyurethane/polylactide blends (PU/PLDL) may be further improved by the addition of ZnO nanoparticles for the delivery of bioactive zinc oxide for cells.

Summary: The researchers showed that PU/PLDL blends doped with 0.001% of ZnO exert beneficial influence on adipose stromal stem cells and olfactory ensheathing cells in vitro.

Usage: Immunofluorescence staining to verify the p75+/GFAP+ phenotype of olfactory ensheathing cells (1:1000)

Related Products: NGFR (mu p75) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N01AP)

Sedlik C, Heitzmann A, Viel S, Ait Sarkouh R, Batisse C, Schmidt F, De La Rochere P, Amzallag N, Osinaga E, Oppezzo P, Pritsch O, Sastre-Garau X, Hubert P, Amigorena S, Piaggio E (2016) Effective antitumor therapy based on a novel antibody-drug conjugate targeting the Tn carbohydrate antigen. Oncoimmunology 5:e1171434. doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2016.1171434

Summary: Scientists wanted to study the potential of Chi-Tn, a monoclonal antibody against a glycol-peptidic tumor-associated antigen, as an anticancer antibody-drug conjugate. They demonstrated that Chi-Tn specifically targeted tumor cells in vivo, using flow cytometry and deconvolution microscopy to show that Chi-Tn is rapidly internalized. Chi-Tn-SAP (ATS Custom Services) effectively killed Tn-positive cells, but had no effect on Tn-negative cells. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as control. The cytotoxicity of the Chi-Tn-SAP correlated with the level of tumoral Tn expression.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01), Custom Conjugates

Wiley RG (2016) Featured Article: Cerebral cholinergic lesion reduces operant responses to unpleasant thermal stimuli. Targeting Trends 17(2)

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.