References

Lu W, Wang Q, Sun X, He H, Wang Q, Wu Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Li C (2019) Qishen Granule improved cardiac remodeling via balancing M1 and M2 macrophages. Front Pharmacol 10:1399. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01399 PMID: 31824322

Objective: To explore the effect of Qishen Granule (QSG) on the release of splenic monocytes, the recruitment of monocytes into heart tissues and the differentiation of macrophages under ischemic conditions.

Summary: Compounds of Chinese medicine have synergistic effects on cardiac and splenic organs through regulating differentiation of monocytes/macrophages in inhibiting myocardial remodeling.

Usage: Western blot

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Díaz HS, Andrade DC, Toledo C, Lucero C, Arce-Álvarez A, Del Rio R (2019) Episodic stimulation of central chemoreflex elicits long-term breathing disorders and autonomic imbalance in heart failure rats. Eur Respir J 54(suppl 63):OA4936. doi: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.OA4936

Objective: To determine the role of CC in the development of cardiorespiratory dysfunction in a HF model.

Summary: Rats were exposed to pisodic hypercapnic stimulation (EHS) The effects of EHS in rats with heart failure were attenuated by SSP-SAP treatment.

Usage: Selective destruction of chemoreceptor neurons within the retrotapezoid nucleus (RTN) was performed via SSP-SAP injections (0.6 ng/30 nL).

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

Zurlo G, Liu X, Takada M, Fan C, Simon JM, Ptacek TS, Rodriguez J, von Kriegsheim A, Liu J, Locasale JW, Robinson A, Zhang J, Holler JM, Kim B, Zikánová M, Bierau J, Xie L, Chen X, Li M, Perou CM, Zhang Q (2019) Prolyl hydroxylase substrate adenylosuccinate lyase is an oncogenic driver in triple negative breast cancer. Nat Commun 10(1):5177. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13168-4 PMID: 31729379

Objective: To investigate the role of ADSL hydroxylation in controlling cMYC and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) tumorigenesis.

Summary: ADSL regulates cMYC protein level through adenosine levels and leads to downstream metabolic changes and breast cancer cell proliferation. ADSL is essential for TNBC cell growth and invasiveness and contributes to TNBC breast tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo.

Usage: Western blot

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Ueda H (2019) Systems pathology of neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia. Biol Pharm Bull 42(11):1773-1782. doi: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00535

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06)

Tominaga M, Kusube F, Honda K, Komiya E, Takahashi N, Naito H, Suga Y, Takamori K (2019) OP11: Role of spinal cholecystokinin receptor 2 in alloknesis models. Itch 4:1-62. doi: 10.1097/itx.0000000000000030

Objective: To determine the detailed molecular and cellular mechanisms that induce alloknesis via the spinal CCK2 receptor.

Summary: Ablation of spinal CCK receptor-expressing cells by i.t. injection of CCK-SAP attenuated CCK8S-induced alloknesis in comparison with Blank-SAP control mice.

Usage: Intrathecal injection

Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Herman JP (2020) Corticolimbic stress regulatory circuits, hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical adaptation, and resilience. Chen A (Ed.): Stress Resilience 291-309. Academic Press doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-813983-7.00019-7

Summary: Review. Immunolesion of paraventricular nucleus (PVN)-projecting norepinephrine (NE) neurons with Anti-DBH-SAP attenuates acute stress reactivity (interestingly, to restraint), but it does not inhibit somatic or HPA axis responses to stress in any simple way (Flak et al.). PVN-projecting NE neurons appear to be responsible for acute responses to systemic stressors, but they do not appear to be important in mediating effects of chronic stress (Ritter et al.).

Usage: Flak et al. injected 8.82 ng of Anti-DBH-SAP into the PVN. Ritter et al. injected 42 ng into the PVN.

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See Also:

• Flak J et al. Role of paraventricular nucleus-projecting norepinephrine/epinephrine neurons in acute and chronic stress. Eur J Neurosci 39:1903-1911, 2014.
• Ritter S et al. Immunotoxin lesion of hypothalamically projecting norepinephrine and epinephrine neurons differentially affects circadian and stressor-stimulated corticosterone secretion. Endocrinology 144(4):1357-1367, 2003.

Kiuchi MG, Chen S, Carnagarin R, Matthews VB, Schlaich MP (2019) Renal denervation for treating congenital long QT syndrome: Shortening the QT interval or modulating sympathetic tone?. Europace 21(11):1755-1756. doi: 10.1093/europace/euz251

Summary: Targeted ablation of cardiac sympathetic neurons (TACSN) through CTB-SAP injection in the left stellate ganglion (LSG), inhibited its activation, improved sympathetic remodelling, and restored cardiac autonomic balance.

See: Xiong L et al. Targeted ablation of cardiac sympathetic neurons improves ventricular electrical remodelling in a canine model of chronic myocardial infarction. Europace 20(12):2036-2044, 2018.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Li X (2019) Light stimulation into dorsal raphe nucleus contributes to antidepressant effect for a stressed rat model. bioRxiv 821421. doi: 10.1101/821421 PMID: 0

Usage: immunohisochemistry (1:500)

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Abd El‐Rahman SS, Fayed HM (2019) Targeting AngII/AT1R signaling pathway by perindopril inhibits ongoing liver fibrosis in rat. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 13:2131-2141. doi: 10.1002/term.2940 PMID: 31348596

Usage: IHC (1:100)

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Nazmuddin M, Rao HA, Van Laar T, Sarter MF (2019) How to stimulate: Basal forebrain DBS parameters to restore the attentional performance of rats with cholinergic losses. Neuroscience 2019 Abstracts 377.10. Society for Neuroscience, Chicago, IL.

Summary: The degeneration of basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons is an index of the severity of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Moreover, in PD patients, gait and balancing deficits, and an increased propensity for falls have been attributed to cholinergic losses. Thus, Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) of the BF has been considered a potential therapeutic intervention to improve cognition and movement control in these patients. However, efficacy of BF DBS in clinical populations has yet to be conclusively demonstrated. Likewise, the demonstration of beneficial effects of BF DBS in rodent models has been hampered by uncertainties about useful animal models and behavioral tasks and, importantly, a lack of consensus concerning DBS parameters (duration, frequency, current, intermittent versus continuous, prior and/or during task, etc.). Here we assessed various DBS parameters in rats with a partial loss of the cortical cholinergic input system. In rats, such cholinergic losses have been frequently demonstrated to impair the detection of cues during the performance of a Sustained Attention Task (SAT) and to attenuate performance recovery following a distractor challenge (dSAT). In PD patients with cholinergic losses, attentional impairments were also attributed to cortical and thalamic cholinergic losses (Kim et al., 2017). The attribution of SAT impairments to cholinergic losses is consistent with evidence showing that the detection of cues and associated attentional control parameters depend on cortical cholinergic signaling (e.g., Howe et al., 2017). Here, rats acquired the SAT, received infusions of the cholino-specific neurotoxin 192-IgG-saporin into the BF, and were implanted bilaterally with BF unipolar stimulation electrodes. Initial DBS parameters consisted of continuous high (130 Hz) versus low (20 Hz) frequency stimulation, intermittent (20-s ON at 80 Hz and 40-s OFF) stimulation, with pulse width and amplitude kept constant at 100 µs and 100 µA, respectively. We first assessed the effects of these DBS parameters on the behavior of rats in an open field space and then when administered during, or only prior to (for 1 hr), SAT and dSAT performance. Ongoing experiments indicate that these stimulation parameters are well tolerated as indicated by the absence of effects on locomotor and exploratory activity. We predict that BF DBS will be particularly effective in restoring attentional performance in the dSAT condition. If confirmed, this finding will suggest that demonstration of efficacy in patients will require measures indicating their attentional capacities in response to taxing performance challenges.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)