References

Phillips KB, Avila C, Sarter M (2019) Sign-trackers deploy perceptual, but not cholinergic-attentional, mechanisms to respond to salient cues. Neuroscience 2019 Abstracts 331.10. Society for Neuroscience, Chicago, IL.

Summary: Sign-trackers (STs) attribute incentive value to stimuli that predict food and drug rewards and therefore have emerged as a model for studying vulnerability for addiction-like behaviors. Relative to goal-trackers (GTs), who do not imbue discrete predictive stimuli with motivational value, STs also show a reduced capacity for engaging forebrain cholinergic signaling for the processing of behaviorally significant and attention-demanding cues. The greater power of Pavlovian drug cues in STs has been attributed in part to their relatively poor attentional control of such cues. However, when tested in an operant Sustained Attention Task (SAT), STs exhibit only a minor impairment in hit rates but, more robustly, unstable performance over time. These observations raised the question as to the neuro-behavioral or -cognitive mechanisms via which STs perform the SAT. Male and female STs were trained on SAT. The SAT requires the reporting of cues as well as non-cue events via separate levers, yielding four response categories (hits and misses, and correct rejections and false alarms). After reaching criterion, half of STs received bilateral infusions of the cholino-selective neurotoxin 192-IgG saporin while the remaining STs received sham-lesions. Following recovery, performance was assessed on the SAT and a version of SAT incorporating a flashing house light distractor (dSAT). Goal-directed (or top-down) attention is thought to maintain and recover performance during dSAT and mediated via increases in cortical cholinergic activity. In STs, neither SAT nor dSAT performance depended on the integrity of the cholinergic system. We therefore hypothesized that STs perform the SAT using model-free, non-attentional mechanisms, perhaps relying largely on trial-biased perceptual processes to detect salient cues. To test this hypothesis, separate STs and GTs were trained on SAT. The salience of the cue light relative to the house light was varied across operant chambers. In STs, greater perceptual sensitivity reductions were observed as a function of relatively weaker cue salience. In contrast, GTs’ perceptual sensitivity did not relate to cue salience. Associated with their relatively unresponsive cholinergic system, STs rely on perceptual mechanisms, rather than attentional mechanisms, to perform the SAT. The relative absence of (top-down) attentional control of behaviorally significant cues, combined with a propensity to attribute incentive value to such cues, renders STs less likely to reject such cues from guiding their behavior and engaging in alternative action.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Guyenet PG, Stornetta RL, Souza GMPR, Abbott SBG, Shi Y, Bayliss DA. (2019) The retrotrapezoid nucleus: Central chemoreceptor and regulator of breathing automaticity. Trends Neurosci 42(11):807-824. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.09.002

Summary: This review describes the neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), their transcriptome, developmental lineage, and anatomical projections. The authors also review their contribution to CO2 homeostasis and to the regulation of breathing automaticity during sleep and wake.

Usage: Local injection of SSP-SAP to kill RTN neurons.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

Li J, Xiang X, Xu H, Shi Y (2019) Cilostazol promotes angiogenesis and increases cell proliferation after myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury through a camp-dependent mechanism. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 10(4):638-647. doi: 10.1007/s13239-019-00435-0 PMID: 31625080

Usage: western

Related Products: Fibroblast Growth Factor Rabbit Polyclonal, mammalian (Cat. #AB-07)

Kucinski A, Phillips KB, Koshy Cherian A, Sarter M (2020) Rescuing the attentional performance of rats with cholinergic losses by the M1 positive allosteric modulator TAK-071. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 237(1):137-153. doi: 10.1007/s00213-019-05354-5 PMID: 31620809

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Avrampou K, Pryce KD, Ramakrishnan A, Sakloth F, Gaspari S, Serafini RA, Mitsi V, Polizu C, Swartz C, Ligas B, Richards A, Shen L, Carr FB, Zachariou V (2019) RGS4 maintains chronic pain symptoms in rodent models. J Neurosci 39(42):8291-8304. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3154-18.2019 PMID: 31308097

Usage: western

Related Products: Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2 (mGluR2) Mouse Monoclonal (Cat. #AB-N32)

Wercberger R, Basbaum AI (2019) Spinal cord projection neurons: A superficial, and also deep, analysis. Curr Opin Physiol 11:109-115. doi: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.10.002

Summary: Modern approaches to map complex neural circuits require knowledge of the molecular language that defines cell type specificity. However, with few exceptions, NK1R remains the marker consistently used to define projection neurons and even to interrogate their contribution to pain and itch (Mantyh et al.) The first of two studies demonstrating that SP-SAP-mediated ablation of dorsal horn NK1R-expressing neurons reduces injury-induced hyperalgesia. (Carstens et al.) In this paper SP-SAP-mediated ablation of dorsal horn NK1R-expressing neurons reduced pruritogen-evoked scratching.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

See Also:

• Mantyh PW et al. Inhibition of hyperalgesia by ablation of lamina I spinal neurons expressing the substance P receptor. Science 278:275-279, 1997.
• Carstens EE et al. Dorsal horn neurons expressing NK-1 receptors mediate scratching in rats. Neuroreport 21:303-308, 2010.

Murillo-Rodríguez E, Millán-Aldaco D, Palomero-Rivero M, Morales-Lara D, Mechoulam R, Drucker-Colín R (2019) Cannabidiol partially blocks the excessive sleepiness in hypocretindeficient rats: Preliminary data. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 18(9):705-712. doi: 10.2174/1871527318666191021143300

Objective: To determine whether the systemic injection of CBD (5 mg/kg, i.p.) would block the excessive sleepiness in a narcoleptic model.

Summary: Preliminary findings suggest that CBD might prevent sleepiness in narcolepsy.

Usage: Orexin-SAP (490 ng/0.5 μL, n= 10) was bilaterally injected into the LH of rats to eliminate HCRT leading to the establishment of narcoleptic-like behavior.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Martins JR, Reichhart N, Kociok N, Stindl J, Foeckler R, Lachmann P, Todorov V, Castrop H, Strauß O (2019) Systemic ß adrenergic stimulation/ sympathetic nerve system stimulation influences intraocular RAS through cAMP in the RPE. Exp Eye Res 189:107828. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107828 PMID: 31589840

Objective: To investigate whether systemic β-adrenergic stimulation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) also modulates renin expression in the RPE.

Summary: In vitro analysis of renin gene expression using polarized porcine RPE showed that the activity of the renin promoter can be increased by cAMP stimulation (IBMX/forskolin) but was not influenced by angiotensin-2.

Usage: Immunohistochemistry; eye sections were labeled overnight at 4°C with Anti-AT-1R.

Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-1R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N27AP)

Klotz L, Wendler O, Frischknecht R, Shigemoto R, Schulze H, Enz R (2019) Localization of group II and III metabotropic glutamate receptors at pre- and postsynaptic sites of inner hair cell ribbon synapses. FASEB J 33(12):13734-13746. doi: 10.1096/fj.201901543R PMID: 31585509

Usage: immunohistochemistry (1:150)

Related Products: Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2 (mGluR2) Mouse Monoclonal (Cat. #AB-N32)

Verkhratsky A, Parpura V, Rodriguez-Arellano J, Zorec R (2019) Astroglia in Alzheimer’s Disease. (eds. Verkhratsky A, Ho M, Zorec R, Parpura V). In: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology: Neuroglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases. 1175:273-324. Springer, Singapore. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-9913-8_11

Summary: A review of the tools for creating animal models of Alzheimer’s Disease. 192-IgG-SAP binds selectively and irreversibly to low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor interrupting cholinergic neuronal protein synthesis was employed. Anti-DBH-SAP binds dopamine-β-hydroxylase, which is not only localized mainly in the cytosol, but also at the plasma membrane surface of noradrenergic neurons. Anti-DBH-SAP produced specific and dose-dependent depletions of locus coeruleus neurons, with no effects on other cholinergic, dopaminergic or serotonergic neuronal populations. The possibility to induce a partial or total noradrenergic loss (by varying the injected dose) makes this immunotoxic approach an ideal model to study events within the noradrenergic projection system, as they occur during age-related demise of locus coeruleus in humans.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)