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Environmental enrichment provides a cognitive reserve to be spent in the case of brain lesion.
Mandolesi L, De Bartolo P, Foti F, Gelfo F, Federico F, Leggio MG, Petrosini L (2008) Environmental enrichment provides a cognitive reserve to be spent in the case of brain lesion. J Alzheimers Dis 15:11-28. doi: 10.3233/jad-2008-15102 PMID: 18780964
Summary: The cognitive reserve model suggests individuals can develop resources that reduce the risk of later cognitive impairment. This theory was tested by raising rats in standard vs. enriched environments then lesioning the animals with 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01). A total of 0.8 µg of 192-IgG-SAP was administered in bilateral injections, followed by various behavioral tests. It was found that animals raised in an enriched environment had reduced cognitive impairment following forebrain lesions.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Functional convergence of dopaminergic and cholinergic input is critical for hippocampus-dependent working memory.
Wisman L, Sahin G, Maingay M, Leanza G, Kirik D (2008) Functional convergence of dopaminergic and cholinergic input is critical for hippocampus-dependent working memory. J Neurosci 28:7797-7807. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1885-08.2008
Summary: Analysis of cholinergic alterations in PD patients may help to understand and treat the nonmotor symptoms of the disease.
Usage: Cholinergic neurons in theNBMand the MS/vDBB were lesioned by bilateral injection of the immunotoxin 192 IgG-SAP (0.85 µl of dissolved at a concentration of 0.142 µg/µl in PBS).
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Reduced cholinergic status in hippocampus produces spatial memory deficits when combined with kainic acid induced seizures.
Craig LA, Hong NS, Kopp J, McDonald RJ (2008) Reduced cholinergic status in hippocampus produces spatial memory deficits when combined with kainic acid induced seizures. Hippocampus 18(11):1112-1121. doi: 10.1002/hipo.20471
Summary: The loss of cholinergic neurons in the medial septum and seizures are both associated with Alzheimer’s disease. The authors investigated links between these factors using 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) and kainic acid. Rats received 0.15 µg of 192-IgG-SAP delivered to the medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca in four injections. Animals receiving both 192-IgG-SAP and kainic acid performed significantly worse in water maze tests than control animals, indicating that loss of cholinergic neurons and seizures interact in Alzheimer’s disease.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Neuromodulatory role of acetylcholine in visually-induced cortical activation: Behavioral and neuroanatomical correlates.
Dotigny F, Ben Amor AY, Burke M, Vaucher E (2008) Neuromodulatory role of acetylcholine in visually-induced cortical activation: Behavioral and neuroanatomical correlates. Neuroscience 154(4):1607-1618. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.04.030
Summary: Acetylcholine is thought to have a neuromodulatory role in visual processing. After rats were treated with 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01, 2 µl of 2.4 µg/µl into the lateral ventricle) visual acuity and performance in a visual water maze task were analyzed. Lesioned animals displayed no loss in acuity, but were less able to learn a new orientation discrimination task. These data suggest that the cholinergic system in the basal forebrain plays an important role in post-synaptic visual processing.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Environmental enrichment mitigates the effects of basal forebrain lesions on cognitive flexibility.
De Bartolo P, Leggio MG, Mandolesi L, Foti F, Gelfo F, Ferlazzo F, Petrosini L (2008) Environmental enrichment mitigates the effects of basal forebrain lesions on cognitive flexibility. Neuroscience 154(2):444-453. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.03.069
Summary: The basal forebrain cholinergic system is a crucial participant in various facets of learning and memory. This work examines whether environmental enrichment can reduce the effect of cholinergic lesions on learning and memory tasks. Rats received bilateral injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the cholinergic projection to the neocortex. Deficits caused by the lesion were attenuated in rats experiencing an enriched environment.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Involvement of the basal cholinergic forebrain in the mediation of general (propofol) anesthesia.
Laalou FZ, de Vasconcelos AP, Oberling P, Jeltsch H, Cassel JC, Pain L (2008) Involvement of the basal cholinergic forebrain in the mediation of general (propofol) anesthesia. Anesthesiology 108:888-896. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31816d919b
Summary: The authors examined whether the basal forebrain cholinergic system is involved in mediating the effects of general anesthesia. Three different forms of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) administration were used: intracerebroventricular injection of 2 µg, 0.4 µg injected into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis, and 0.8 µg into the medial septum/vertical diagonal band of Broca. The results suggest that loss of cholinergic neurons in the cortex and hippocampus leads to potentiation of the anesthetic effects of Propofol.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Emergence of spatial impairment in rats following specific cholinergic depletion of the medial septum combined with chronic stress.
Craig LA, Hong NS, Kopp J, McDonald RJ (2008) Emergence of spatial impairment in rats following specific cholinergic depletion of the medial septum combined with chronic stress. Eur J Neurosci 27:2262-2271. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06179.x
Summary: Although it is clear that loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain is intrinsic to Alzheimer’s disease, interaction of this loss with other factors in causing the disease symptoms has not been completely elucidated. Rats received bilateral injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca totaling 0.075 µg. Lesioned animals were not impaired in a water maze task, but lesioning combined with stress caused a significant reduction in performance.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Selective cholinergic lesions in the rat nucleus basalis magnocellularis with limited damage in the medial septum specifically alter attention performance in the five-choice serial reaction time task.
Harati H, Barbelivien A, Cosquer B, Majchrzak M, Cassel JC (2008) Selective cholinergic lesions in the rat nucleus basalis magnocellularis with limited damage in the medial septum specifically alter attention performance in the five-choice serial reaction time task. Neuroscience 153:72-83. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.031
Summary: The cognitive deficits reported in rats on use of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) are varied. Here the authors examined the effect of lesions in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) when septal damage was kept to a minimum. The NBM received bilateral 0.2-µg injections of 192-IgG-SAP, and the animals were then tested in a 5-choice serial reaction time task. The disruption of sustained visual attention remained, but other variables such as motivational, locomotion, and impulsivity-related biases were close to normal.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Noradrenergic, but not cholinergic, deafferentation of prefrontal cortex impairs attentional set-shifting.
McGaughy J, Ross RS, Eichenbaum H (2008) Noradrenergic, but not cholinergic, deafferentation of prefrontal cortex impairs attentional set-shifting. Neuroscience 153:63-71. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.064
Summary: Norepinephrine and acetylcholine are involved in the mediation of attention, however, it is not yet clear whether the roles of these molecules are unique. This work utilizes a specific task shown to dissociate the roles played by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex in primates. Rats received 5-ng infusions of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) or 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into each hemisphere. The type of lesion had an effect on attentional shifts and reaction to irrelevant stimuli.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Featured Article: Selective lesion of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in mice with the mu p75-saporin immunotoxin: Neuroanatomy and behavior
Moreau PH, Cosquer B, Jeltsch H, Cassel JC, Mathis C (2008) Featured Article: Selective lesion of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in mice with the mu p75-saporin immunotoxin: Neuroanatomy and behavior. Targeting Trends 9(2)
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)
Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.
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