References

de Almeida AS, Bernardes LB, Trevisan G (2021) TRP channels in cancer pain. Eur J Pharmacol 904:174185. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174185 PMID: 34015320

Objective: To describe the role of TRP vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) involved in cancer pain mechanisms.

Summary: Several studies have revealed that the administration of TRPV1 or TRPA1 agonists/antagonists and TRPV1 or TRPA1 knockdown reduced sensitivity to nociception in cancer pain models. Thus, TRP channels are potential targets for managing cancer-related pain syndromes.

Usage: Ablation of IB4 (+) neurons.

Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10)

See Also:

• Ye Y et al. IB4(+) and TRPV1(+) sensory neurons mediate pain but not proliferation in a mouse model of squamous cell carcinoma. Behav Brain Funct 10(1):5, 2014.

Whalley K (2021) Sneezing pathway revealed. Nat Rev Neurosci 22(8):455. doi: 10.1038/s41583-021-00491-3

See: Li F et al. Sneezing reflex is mediated by a peptidergic pathway from nose to brainstem. Cell 184(14):3762-3773.e10, 2021.

Related Products: NMB-SAP (Cat. #IT-70)

Cano G, Hernan SL, Sved AF (2021) Centrally projecting edinger-westphal nucleus in the control of sympathetic outflow and energy homeostasis. Brain Sci 11(8):1005. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11081005

Objective: To test the hypothesis that Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWcp) integrates multimodal signals (stress, thermal, metabolic, endocrine, etc.) and modulates the sympathetic output simultaneously to multiple effector organs to maintain energy homeostasis under different conditions that require adjustments of energy demands.

Summary: Besides its role in feeding/metabolic control and addiction, EWcp is involved in several important functions that are ultimately related to different aspects of stress responses, as well as stress coping and adaptation.

See: Xu L et al. Peptidergic Edinger-Westphal neurons and the energy-dependent stress response. Gen Comp Endocrinol 177(3):296-304, 2012.

Related Products: Leptin-SAP (Cat. #IT-47)

Cui YH, Zhou SF, Liu Y, Wang S, Li F, Dai RP, Hu ZL, Li CQ (2021) Injection of anti-proBDNF attenuates hippocampal-dependent learning and memory dysfunction in mice with sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Front Neurosci 15:665757. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.665757 PMID: 34354558

Objective: To study the effects and associated mechanism of hippocampal proBDNF in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) mouse model.

Summary: Mice showed cognitive dysfunction after LPS injection. The expression of proBDNF and its receptor, p75NTR, was increased in the hippocampus. The levels of BDNF and its receptor, TrkB, were decreased. An intrahippocampal or intraperitoneal injection of anti-proBDNF antibody ameliorated LPS-induced cognitive dysfunction.

Usage: Western blot (1:1000)

Related Products: NGFr (mu p75) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N01AP)

McMahon D, O’Reilly MA, Hynynen K (2021) Therapeutic agent delivery across the blood-brain barrier using focused ultrasound. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 23:89-113. doi: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-121238 PMID: 33752471

Summary: Review of the use of focused ultrasound, in combination with circulating microbubbles, can be used to transiently and noninvasively increase cerebrovascular permeability with a high level of spatial precision. For minutes to hours following sonication, drugs can be administered systemically to extravasate in the targeted brain regions and exert a therapeutic effect, after which permeability returns to baseline levels.

Usage: Shin et al. reported improved spatial memory following FUS+MB exposure in a rat model of cholinergic neuron degeneration. 192-IgG-SAP was injected bilaterally into the lateral ventricle (4  μl at a concentration of 0.63  μg/μl at a rate of 1 μl/min).

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• Shin J et al. Focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening improves adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive function in a cholinergic degeneration dementia rat model. Alzheimers Res Ther 11(1):110, 2019.

Kiyokawa H, Yamaoka A, Matsuoka C, Tokuhara T, Abe T, Morimoto M (2021) Airway basal stem cells reutilize the embryonic proliferation regulator, Tgfβ-Id2 axis, for tissue regeneration. Dev Cell 56(13):1917-1929.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.05.016 PMID: 34129836

Objective: To investigate the molecular mechanisms regulating how basal cells contribute to adult tissue regeneration by shifting from slow cycling to proliferating and subsequently back to slow cycling.

Summary: TGF-β-Id2 axis commonly regulates the proliferation transitions in basal cells during development and regeneration, and its fine-tuning is critical for normal regeneration while avoiding basal cell hyperplasia.

Usage: Immunostaining

Related Products: NGFr (mu p75) Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N01)

Takeuchi Y, Nagy AJ, Barcsai L, Li Q, Ohsawa M, Mizuseki K, Berényi A (2021) The medial septum as a potential target for treating brain disorders associated with oscillopathies. Front Neural Circuits 15:701080. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2021.701080

Summary: The medial septum (MS) may be a potential target for treating neurological and psychiatric disorders with abnormal oscillations (oscillopathies) to restore healthy patterns or erase undesired ones. The time-targeted strategy for the MS stimulation may provide an effective way of treating multiple disorders.

Usage: 192-IgG-SAP. The MS cholinergic neurons along with theta oscillations are known to be essential for memory because selective lesion of the cholinergic neurons resulted in spatial memory impairments (150 ng; Easton et al., 2011) (5.04 μg icv; Jeong et al., 2014). Orexin-SAP. The enhanced gamma oscillations and altered PPI and auditory gating created by psychoactive drugs in rats were mediated by GABAergic neurons in the MS because they were abolished by ablation of these neurons by Orexin-SAP (140 ng total bilateral; Ma et al., 2012). mu p75-SAP. Anxious environment-induced type 2 theta oscillation and associated anxiety were shown to be dependent on the MS cholinergic neurons because lesion of MS cholinergic neurons reduced them (0.65 or 1.3 µg, bilateral; Nag et al., 2009).

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16), Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

See Also:

• Easton A et al. Medial septal cholinergic neurons are necessary for context-place memory but not episodic-like memory. Hippocampus 21(9):1021-1027, 2011.
• Jeong D et al. Improvements in memory after medial septum stimulation are associated with changes in hippocampal cholinergic activity and neurogenesis. Biomed Res Int 2014:568587, 2014.
• Ma J et al. Septohippocampal GABAergic neurons mediate the altered behaviors induced by n-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. Hippocampus 22(12):2208-2218, 2012.
• Nag N et al. Efficacy of a murine-p75-saporin immunotoxin for selective lesions of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in mice. Neurosci Lett 452:247-251, 2009.

Li F, Jiang H, Shen X, Yang W, Guo C, Wang Z, Xiao M, Cui L, Luo W, Kim BS, Chen Z, Huang AJW, Liu Q (2021) Sneezing reflex is mediated by a peptidergic pathway from nose to brainstem. Cell 184(14):3762-3773.e10. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.017

Objective: To test the hypothesis that a neuronal population postsynaptic to nasal sensory neurons mediates sneezing.

Summary: Chemical activation of neuromedin B (NMB)-sensitive neurons elicits action potentials in caudal ventral respiratory group (cVRG) neurons and leads to sneezing behavior. This study delineates a peptidergic pathway mediating sneezing, providing molecular insights into the sneezing reflex arc.

Usage: Microinjection of NMB-saporin into the sneeze-evoking region abolished the sneezing responses to capsaicin and histamine.

Related Products: NMB-SAP (Cat. #IT-70)

Li Y, Bao Y, Zheng H, Qin Y, Hua B (2021) Can Src protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors be combined with opioid analgesics? Src and opioid-induced tolerance, hyperalgesia and addiction. Biomed Pharmacother 139:111653. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111653

Summary: In this review the authors discuss the important role Src protein tyrosine kinase plays in the adverse consequences of clinical application of opioids

Usage: Intrathecal injection of Mac-1-SAP depletes microglial cells in the spinal dorsal horn and alleviates the loss of anti-nociception of morphine and prevents the decrease in morphine potency. This demonstrates that spinal microglial cells are necessary for morphine tolerance (15 µg; Leduc-Pessah et al., 2017).

See: Leduc-Pessah H et al. Site-Specific Regulation of P2X7 Receptor Function in Microglia Gates Morphine Analgesic Tolerance. J Neurosci 37:10154-10172, 2017.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06)

Kucinski A, Sarter M (2021) Reduction of falls in a rat model of PD falls by the M1 PAM TAK-071. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 238(7):1953-1964. doi: 10.1007/s00213-021-05822-x

Summary: In addition to the disease-defining motor symptoms, patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) exhibit gait dysfunction, postural instability, and a propensity for falls. The muscarinic M1-positive allosteric modulator (PAM) TAK-071 improves the attentional performance of rats with BF cholinergic losses. The authors previously developed a rodent model of PD falls by demonstrating that rats with dual basal forebrain cholinergic and mediodorsal striatal dopamine losses (“DL rats”) exhibit a heightened fall rate when required to traverse dynamic surfaces. This study tested the hypothesis that TAK-071 reduces fall rates in DL rats.

Usage: Rats received bilateral infusions of 192-IgG-SAP (200 ng/μL; 0.8 μL/hemisphere) or an equal volume of artificial cerebral spinal fluid into the nucleus basalis and substantia innominata of the basal forebrain.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)