References

Garrett JE, Kim I, Wilson RE, Wellman CL (2006) Effect of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor blockade on plasticity of frontal cortex after cholinergic deafferentation in rat. Neuroscience 140(1):57-66. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.01.029

Summary: Acetylcholine from the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) plays roles in neocortical function and plasticity. Here the authors examined whether N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors mediate the increase in the GluR1 subunit of the a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-proprionate receptor in the frontal cortex following treatment of the NBM with 0.15 µg of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01). The data indicates that upregulation of GluR1 and spine density after cholinergic deafferentation is regulated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Kanai T, Uraushihara K, Totsuka T, Nemoto Y, Fujii R, Kawamura T, Makita S, Sawada D, Yagita H, Okumura K, Watanabe M (2006) Ameliorating effect of saporin-conjugated anti-CD11b monoclonal antibody in a murine T-cell-mediated chronic colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21(7):1136-1142. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04391.x

Summary: Crohn’s disease is characterized by massive infiltration of macrophages and CD4(+) T-cells in the colon and small intestine. Using SCID mice, the authors evaluated the effects of Mac-1-SAP (Cat. #IT-06) on the development of chronic colitis. After transfer of T cells to the mice, 12.5 µg of Mac-1-SAP was injected into the intraperitoneal space. The reduction in CD4(+) T-cell infiltration of the colon, and suppression of IFNg and TNFa production indicate that macrophages play a significant role in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06)

Traissard N, Herbeaux K, Cosquer B, Jeltsch H, Ferry B, Galani R, Pernon A, Majchrzak M, Cassel JC (2007) Combined damage to entorhinal cortex and cholinergic basal forebrain neurons, two early neurodegenerative features accompanying Alzheimer’s Disease: Effects on locomotor activity and memory functions in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 32(4):851-871. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301116

Summary: Two characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are cholinergic dysfunction in the basal forebrain, and neuronal damage in the entorhinal cortex. Using 5 µg intracerebroventricular (icv) injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), and 2.3 µg icv injections of OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02), locomotor activity, working, and reference memory of rats were examined. Although 192-IgG-SAP lesions caused limited deficits, rats receiving both lesions exhibited several behaviors associated with AD. The authors suggest that combining these lesions may be a more accurate model for AD than 192-IgG-SAP alone.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02)

Nguyen DH, Ball ED, Varki A (2006) Myeloid precursors and acute myeloid leukemia cells express multiple CD33-related Siglecs. Exp Hematol 34(6):728-735. doi: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.03.003

Summary: Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are a family of cell surface receptors which bind to sialic acid. They are found mainly on leukocytes, and also on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. The authors tested several anti-Siglec antibodies against U937 histiocytic lymphoma cells and THP-1 acute monocytic leukemia cells in vitro. When these antibodies were combined with Mab-ZAP (Cat. #IT-04), a second immunotoxin, the target cells were eliminated. The data suggest that Siglecs may be a viable target for AML therapy.

Related Products: Mab-ZAP (Cat. #IT-04)

Vera-Portocarrero LP, Yie JX, Kowal J, Ossipov MH, King T, Porreca F (2006) Descending facilitation from the rostral ventromedial medulla maintains visceral pain in rats with experimental pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 130(7):2155-2164. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.03.025

Summary: Here the authors investigated the role of ascending or descending pathways in the mediation of pain caused by pancreatitis. Rats received 1.5 pmol injections of dermorphin-SAP (Cat. #IT-12) into each side of the rostral ventromedial medulla. Abdominal hypersensitivity was tested using von Frey filaments. Although the ablation of mu-opioid receptor-expressing neurons by dermorphin-SAP did not prevent the initial expression of pancreatitis pain, maintenance of this pain was absent. The data link maintenance of pancreatitis pain to descending pathways.

Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12)

Basbaum AI, Julius D (2006) Toward better pain control. Sci Am 294(6):60-67. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0606-60

Summary: The authors discuss some of the advances in understanding and treating different types of pain, and specifically outline circuits, receptors, and ligands involved in pain pathways. Several treatments are described, one of which is the use of SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07) to disrupt the chronic pain pathway in the spinal cord.

Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07)

Grimaldi P, Rossi F (2006) Lack of neurogenesis in the adult rat cerebellum after Purkinje cell degeneration and growth factor infusion. Eur J Neurosci 23(10):2657-2668. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04803.x

Summary: Although neurogenesis occurs in very specific areas of the mammalian brain, neural progenitors can be found in many central nervous system sites. Here the authors examined neurogenesis in the rat cerebellum. 2.2 µg of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) was injected into each lateral ventricle, and some animals were given exogenous EGF, bFGF, or FGF8. In this model, the local environment was not sufficient to direct neuronal differentiation, even with the addition of growth factors.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Kohls M (2006) Evaluate Potential Targeting Molecules. Nature Methods

Summary: Targeted toxins — targeting agents conjugated to saporin — are widely used to eliminate specific cell populations both in vitro and in vivo. For these molecules to be effective, it is vital that the targeting component of the conjugate specifically binds the cells of interest. A secondary conjugate, Streptavidin-ZAP, has been created by attaching the toxin saporin to streptavidin. The user can combine primary biotinylated material with Streptavidin-ZAP to quickly and economically screen potential targeting molecules for internalization and specificity. Once the appropriate targeting molecule is identified, a direct conjugation with saporin can be performed.

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

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Lu J, Sherman D, Devor M, Saper CB (2006) A putative flip-flop switch for control of REM sleep. Nature 441(1):589-594. doi: 10.1038/nature04767

Summary: The authors propose a REM sleep regulatory system that involves GABAergic and glutaminergic neurons in the mesopontine tegmentum. Among other work, 2 µl of 0.1% orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) was injected into the medial medullary reticular formation of rats. This work suggests the sharp transitions into and out of REM sleep are controlled by reciprocal interactions between GABAergic REM-off and REM-on neuronal populations.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Dinh TT, Flynn FW, Ritter S (2006) Hypotensive hypovolemia and hypoglycemia activate different hindbrain catecholamine neurons with projections to the hypothalamus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 291(4):R870-R879. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00094.2006

Summary: Hypovolemia, a decrease in blood plasma volume, results in secretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP). This work investigates the role of hindbrain catecholamine neurons in hypovolemia-induced AVP secretion. Rats were treated with bilateral 42 ng injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and hypovolemia was induced by blood withdrawal. Treated animals displayed severely impaired AVP response, as well as lower food intake and corticosterone secretion in response to insulin.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)