References

Walker J, Kim T, Giszter S, Detloff MR (2021) Nociception impedes grasping recovery in the spinal cord injured rat. Neuroscience 2021 Abstracts P372.04. Society for Neuroscience, Virtual.

Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10)

Shramm PA, Ancheta LR, Bouajram R, Lappi DA (2021) A brief history of saporin and its contributions to neuroscience. Neuroscience 2021 Abstracts J002.11. Society for Neuroscience, Virtual.

Summary: When investigating the origins of targeted toxins (a drug, therapy, or scientific tool directed to a unique extracellular target), an appropriate place to begin is with the Nobel Prize-winning work of Paul Ehrlich and his concept of the “magic bullet.” Over 100 years later, the use of targeted toxins to perform molecular neurosurgery has become a vital practice that allows researchers to observe changes in organisms after eliminating a neuronal population. A prime example of this practice is the specific targeting of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain to mimic Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The research tool designed for this purpose is 192-IgG-Saporin, an antibody conjugated to the ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) Saporin. Researchers have used this targeted toxin for over 30 years. A 2019 publication by Verkhratsky et al. reviews AD models and states this is the only lesion model that specifically targets cholinergic neurons. In 1983, during a quest to find the optimal payload for a targeted toxin, Fiorenzo Stirpe and colleagues discovered Saporin, a plant protein isolated from the common soapwort plant Saponaria officinalis. Unlike ricin and abrin, Saporin does not have a binding chain and cannot enter a cell on its own. Scientists have devised new ways to use Saporin to advance their research and drug development activities. Just a few examples include: 1. A novel suicide gene therapy approach that uses a vector encoding a double-stranded DNA aptamer to deliver the gene encoding Saporin, 2. Delivery of Saporin encapsulated in a nanotechnology system for development of cancer treatments, 3. A deeper understanding of the difference between pain and itch and the relevant pathways, and 4. Development of a stable epilepsy animal model that is used for screening specific treatments that will lead to micro-methods to eliminate the disease. This review will focus on Saporin as the payload delivered to cells. Targeted toxins (typically targeted by an antibody or peptide chemically linked or genetically fused) provide robust tools for neuroscience where ablation of specific neuronal populations is used to study behavior and function. Saporin is an ideal molecule because of its extreme resistance to high temperatures and denaturation, retention of catalytic activity after conjugation, and lack of a binding chain to allow entrance to the cytoplasm of cells on its own. As a result, it is one of the most studied RIPs used for its vigorousness, potency, safety, and ease of use in the laboratory. The information presented will shed light on the history of Saporin, current applications, and what the future holds for this protein in the neuroscience field.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

View the complete poster.

Nurmasitoh T, Sari DCR, Susilowati R (2021) Toxic substance-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration in rodents as model of Alzheimer’s dementia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci [Internet] 9(F):523.

Summary: In this review, the authors discussed hippocampal neurodegeneration rodent animal models of Alzheimer’s Dementia and their induction via a toxic substance. Between 2016-2021, 80 studies were reported with 17 different modeling techniques mentioned.

Usage: 192-IgG-Saporin was referenced using intracerebroventricular injection (ICV) as the route of administration where the parameters studied included, neurotrophic factors, cholinergic activity and neuro-degeneration markers.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Available here

See Also:

• Gelfo F et al. Chronic lithium treatment in a rat model of basal forebrain cholinergic depletion: Effects on memory impairment and neurodegeneration. J Alzheimers Dis 56:1505-1518, 2017.
• Volobueva MN et al. Intracerebroventricular administration of 192IgG-saporin alters the state of microglia in the neocortex. Neurochem J 14(1):37-42, 2020.
• Shin J et al. Focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening improves adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive function in a cholinergic degeneration dementia rat model. Alzheimers Res Ther 11(1):110, 2019.

Wong JJW, Selbo PK (2021) Light-controlled elimination of PD-L1+ cells. J Photochem Photobiol B 225:112355. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112355

Objective: To investigate novel strategies that simultaneously target both tumor cells and immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment. The focus was on the evaluation in vitro of Anti-PD-L1-SAP combined with photochemical internalization (PCI) as a therapeutic strategy to target and eliminate PD-L1 expressing tumor and immunosuppressive cells.

Summary: The authors show that the intracellular light-controlled drug delivery method induces specific and strongly enhanced cytotoxic effects of Anti-PD-L1-SAP in the PD-L1+ triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line, while no enhanced efficacy was obtained in the PD-L1 negative control cell line MDA-MB-453. 

Usage: Anti-PD-L1-SAP and Streptavidin-ZAP (Control) were used in a cytotoxicity assay.

Related Products: Anti-PD-L1-SAP (Cat. #IT-45), Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

Sasaki N, Gusain P, Hayano M, Sugaya T, Tonegawa N, Hatanaka Y, Tamura R, Okuyama K, Osada H, Ban N, Mitsukura Y, Lang RA, Mimura M, Tsubota K (2021) Violet light modulates the central nervous system to regulate memory and mood. bioRxiv 2021.11.02.466604. doi: 10.1101/2021.11.02.466604

Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N39)

Chen X, Liu H, Li A, Ji S, Fei H (2021) Hydrophobicity-tuned anion responsiveness underlies endosomolytic cargo delivery mediated by amphipathic vehicle peptides. J Biol Chem 297(6):101364. doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101364

Objective: The study focuses on hydrophobicity and a structure-function strategy to evolve a template peptide for endosomolytic cargo delivery.

Summary: The peptide LP6 could dramatically promote cargo cell entry and facilitate cytosolic delivery of biomacromolecules such as saporin.

Usage: HeLa cells were treated with saporin (10, 20, 50μg/ml) in the absence (–) or presence (+) of LP6 (20μM) to confirm the cytosolic delivery ability of LP6.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Sałaciak K, Pytka K (2022) Revisiting the sigma-1 receptor as a biological target to treat affective and cognitive disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 132:1114-1136. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.037

Objective: This review focuses on the sigma-1 receptor as a target for treatment of depression and cognitive disorders.

Summary: Sigma-1 receptor ligands, and predominantly agonists, might be the next generation of psychotherapeutic agents.

Usage: 192-IgG-SAP is listed as a neurotoxin that induced a memory impairment in rats based on the Morris water maze.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• Antonini V et al. Anti-amnesic properties of (+/-)-PPCC, a novel sigma receptor ligand, on cognitive dysfunction induced by selective cholinergic lesion in rats. J Neurochem 109:744-754, 2009.

Braun JL, Geromella MS, Hamstra SI, Messner HN, Fajardo VA (2021) Characterizing SERCA function in murine skeletal muscles after 35-37 days of spaceflight. Int J Mol Sci 22(21):11764. doi: 10.3390/ijms222111764 PMID: 34769190

Objective: To investigate SERCA function, SERCA regulatory protein content, and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS) protein adduction in murine skeletal muscle after 35–37 days of spaceflight.

Summary: Spaceflight affects SERCA function differently between the soleus and tibialis anterior.

Usage: Western blot (20 mg)

Related Products: NO-L-Cysteine Mouse Monoclonal, Conjugated (Cat. #AB-T125)

Lodhi MS, Khan MT, Bukhari SMH, Sabir SH, Samra ZQ, Butt H, Akram MS (2021) Probing transferrin receptor overexpression in gastric cancer mice models. ACS Omega 6(44):29893-29904. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04382 PMID: 34778662

Objective: To investigate the role of the transferrin receptor, a glycoprotein receptor that is expressed many-folds on rapidly growing cells due to the greater demand of iron, in gastric cancer.

Summary: A mouse model of gastric cancer has the potential to be used in the future to study the therapeutic effects of cancer medicines, and overexpression of transferrin receptors could be identified through the designed probe to be used as diagnostics.

Related Products: MonoBiotin-ZAP (Cat. #BT-ZAP)

See Also:

• Daniels TR et al. Conjugation of an anti transferrin receptor IgG3-avidin fusion protein with biotinylated saporin results in significant enhancement of its cytotoxicity against malignant hematopoietic cells. Mol Cancer Ther 6:2995-3008, 2007.

Bowers Z, Maiti P, Bourcier A, Morse J, Jenrow K, Rossignol J, Dunbar GL (2021) Tart cherry extract and omega fatty acids reduce behavioral deficits, gliosis, and amyloid-beta deposition in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Sci 11(11):1423. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11111423 PMID: 34827424

Objective: To assess the efficacy of Total Body Rhythm (TBR) for treating behavioral and neuropathological deficits in the 5xFAD model of AD.

Summary: The combination of tart cherry extract and omega fatty acids in TBR can reduce AD-like deficits in 5xFAD mice.

Usage: Previous work demonstrated that TBR can prevent loss of body weight in a mu p75-SAP mouse model of AD.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

See Also:

• Matchynski JJ et al. Combinatorial treatment of tart cherry extract and essential fatty acids reduces cognitive impairments and inflammation in the mu-p75 saporin-induced mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Med Food 16(4):288-295, 2013.