References

Jung IH, Park JC, Kim JC, Jeon DW, Choi SH, Cho KS, Im GI, Kim BS, Kim CS (2012) Novel application of human periodontal ligament stem cells and water-soluble chitin for collagen tissue regeneration: in vitro and in vivo investigations. Tissue Eng Part A 18(5-6):643-53. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEA.2011.0164 PMID: 21981356

Usage: Western blot 1:1000

Related Products: Trans-4-Hydroxy-L-Proline Rabbit Polyclonal, Conjugated (Cat. #AB-T044)

Huckstepp RT, Dale N (2011) Redefining the components of central CO2 chemosensitivity – towards a better understanding of mechanism. J Physiol 589(Pt 23):5561-5579. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.214759

Summary: This review discusses advances in the field of CO2 chemosensitivity over the past few years. Discussion of the role that locus coeruleus (LC) neurons play in this process describe the use of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) to reduce the hypercapnic ventilatory response. Data from these and other experiments support a role of the LC in modulation of the ventilatory response to hypercapnia.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Asano Y (2012) Age-related accumulation of non-heme ferric and ferrous iron in mouse ovarian stroma visualized by sensitive non-heme iron histochemistry. J Histochem Cytochem 60(3):229-242. doi: 10.1369/0022155411431734 PMID: 22108647

Summary: The mammalian ovary engages in continuous growth and cellular differentiation as long as the animal is capable of reproduction. During these processes iron ions are released from heme structures; these ions are capable of generating free radicals. The purpose of this study was to investigate non-heme iron distribution in ovarian tissue, and how this distribution changes during aging. Lipid peroxidation was monitored by immunohistochemistry using anti-conjugated malondialdehyde (Cat. #AB-T090). The data indicate that increasing oxidative stress, non-heme iron accumulation in ovarian stromal tissue, and aging are related.

Related Products: Malondialdehyde Rabbit Polyclonal, Conjugated (Cat. #AB-T090)

Botly LC, De Rosa E (2012) Impaired visual search in rats reveals cholinergic contributions to feature binding in visuospatial attention. Cereb Cortex 22(10):2441-2453. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhr331

Summary: Previous work established the role of acetylcholine from the nucleus basalis magnocellularis in attentional processing and visuospatial attention. In order to investigate the necessity of cortical cholinergic input for support of feature binding in visuospatial attention the authors administered bilateral intraparenchymal injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01, 4 injections, 40 ng per injection). Lesioned animals took longer to locate targets during type-specific search trials, demonstrating that cholinergic input influences feature binding during visuospatial attention tasks.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Bhide NS, Dickinson S, Feinberg E, Mohamed M, Dupre K, Eskow-Jaunarajs K, Lindenbach D, Ostock C, Bishop C (2011) Norepinephrine denervation by dopamine beta-hydroxylase saporin impacts L-DOPA efficacy and side effects in a hemi-parkinsonian rat model. Neuroscience 2011 Abstracts 883.20. Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC.

Summary: Dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is accompanied by concomitant loss in the norepinephrine (NE) system. The exact contribution of NE denervation in the development of PD remains elusive. Recently, we demonstrated that NE neurons may contribute to the efficacy and side effects of L-DOPA, however, to better mimic NE loss observed in PD we employed the selective NE neurotoxin dopamine beta hydroxylase saporin (DHB saporin) and evaluated its effects on the anti-parkinsonian efficacy of L-DOPA and the development & expression of L-DOPA induced dyskinesia (LID). To do so, hemiparkinsonian adult Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to intraventricular injections of either vehicle or DHB saporin. Three weeks later, animals were primed with L-DOPA (4mg/kg) for days 1-7 and L-DOPA (12 mg/kg) for days 9-15. During this period animals were monitored for motor-performance, a marker for L-DOPA’s anti-parkinsonian efficacy, and dyskinesia measured using Abnormal Involuntary Movements (AIMs) scale. Further, sensitivity of primed animals to different doses of L-DOPA (ranging from 2 to 12 mg/kg) was assessed. Results indicate that NE denervation resulted in reduced anti-parkinsonian efficacy of L-DOPA, but not the development of dyskinesia. In fully primed rats, NE denervation attenuated dyskinetic responses to L-DOPA when compared to animals with an intact NE innervation. These findings suggest that the NE system significantly modulates the anti-parkinsonian effects of L-DOPA and the expression of LID and indicate the importance of understanding the mechanisms by which NE modifies basal ganglia function in PD.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Lee C, Rajkumar R, Suri S, Chin WM, Dawe GS (2011) The nucleus incertus contributes to the anxiety-like behaviour in rats. Neuroscience 2011 Abstracts 901.09. Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC.

Summary: The nucleus incertus (NI), the principal source of relaxin-3 (Rln3) in the brain, is found in the periventricular gray, ventral and medial to the posterodorsal tegmental nucleus (PDTg). Several neuroanatomical studies have indicated that the NI projects to putative correlates of anxiety, especially the amygdala. Relaxin family peptide receptor type-3 (Rxfp3), the native receptor for Rln3, is expressed in the amygdala. These studies have hence predicted that the NI is strategically located to control neural circuits that underlie anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. Presence of Rln3-immunoreactive nerve fibres in the amygdala suggested the involvement of the Rln3/Rxfp3 system. Corticotrophin-releasing factor receptors type-1 (Crfr-1), one of the important anxiolytic drug targets, are prominently expressed in the NI neurons. Based on the aforesaid anatomical and receptor distribution reports, the present investigation was designed to clarify the function of the NI in anxiety-like behaviour of rats. We hypothesized that lesioning of the NI and the resulting decrease in Rln3 would affect the regulation of stress and anxiety response in rats. Firstly, the effect of NI neuron ablation, by CRF-Saporin toxin, on fear conditioning and elevated plus maze (EPM) exploration paradigms was evaluated. Secondly, the firing rates of NI neurons as the rat explored the EPM were assessed. Lastly, the effects of high frequency simulation of the NI on the expression of immediate early genes (IEG) in the amygdala were studied. The results revealed that, in a cued fear conditioning paradigm, NI-lesioned rats exhibited greater fear, indicated by longer freezing periods in the test phase, than sham-lesioned rats. Likewise, in the EPM, NI-lesioned rats made fewer entries into and spent less time in the open arms demonstrating an anxious phenotype. In addition, the NI also showed distinct firing patterns in the open and closed arms of the EPM. Stimulation of the NI activated the medial amygdaloid (MeA) nucleus as indicated by the increased expression of markers of neuronal activation. To sum up, the present study shows a significant contribution of the NI and NI-MeA pathway in the anxiety-like behaviour of rats. It also suggests that the NI and/or Rln3 have a role in the regulation of anxiety-like behaviour, implicating them as targets for anxiety-related disorders.

Related Products: CRF-SAP (Cat. #IT-13)

Savage ST, Olson L, Mattsson A (2011) Alterations in gene expression following cortical cholinergic denervation in rats. Neuroscience 2011 Abstracts 790.01. Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC.

Summary: Alterations in cholinergic signaling in the brain have been implicated as a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Altered function and expression of both nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors have been reported in cortical and subcortical regions in post-mortem schizophrenic brains. Pharmacologically, dopamine-releasing compounds, such as amphetamine, can induce the psychotic symptoms in healthy volunteers and exacerbate the symptoms in schizophrenics. Furthermore, the NMDA receptor antagonist phencyclidine (PCP) induces both negative symptoms (such as social withdrawal) and cognitive deficits similar to those exhibited in schizophrenics. We have previously shown that cholinergic denervation of cortex cerebri by stereotaxic infusion of the immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nbm) in adult rats leads to an enhanced sensitivity to both amphetamine and PCP. The enhanced sensitivity to amphetamine, shown by a potentiated dopamine release in nucleus accumbens, along with a marked increase in locomotor activity in response to both amphetamine and PCP, suggested that the disruption of cortical cholinergic activity can lead to disturbances of glutamatergic and dopaminergic transmission. Furthermore, bilateral lesioning of nbm led to a decrease in active social interaction, as well as, impairment after an acute PCP challenge in a cognitive task (novel object recognition). To further evaluate the consequences of cortical cholinergic denervation, we are analyzing the possible changes in mRNA expression levels of selected genes in rats with unilateral removal of the cortical cholinergic innervation by 192 IgG-saporin injections into nbm following acute PCP administration. Our data indicate that the induction of c-fos mRNA expression in cortex in response to PCP administration is markedly reduced in cholinergically denervated animals as compared to controls. Other genes are under investigation to elucidate the interplay between the cholinergic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic systems.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Wiley RG, Lappi DA (2011) Selective activation of dorsal horn inhibitory interneurons produces anti-nociception. Neuroscience 2011 Abstracts 804.14. Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC.

Summary: Intrathecal injections of the excitatory neuropeptide neurotensin are antinociceptive in rats. Lumbar intrathecal injections of the cytotoxic conjugate, neurotensin-saporin (NTS-sap), cause rats to engage in intense scratching, licking and biting of their hindquarters. This observation was interpreted as indicating the rats were experiencing discomfort presumably because NTS-sap selectively destroys nociceptive inhibitory interneurons expressing neurotensin receptors in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord resulting in decreased inhibitory input to nociceptive projection neurons. Based on this finding, we made the excitatory conjugate, neurotensin-cholera toxin A subunit (NTS-CTA) which we hypothesized would tonically activate the same nociceptive inhibitory interneurons and produce anti-nociception/analgesia. Two separate groups of Long Evans hooded female rats were injected, under general anesthesia, with 500 ng of NTS-CTA, produced by Advanced Targeting Systems, San Diego, CA using temporarily positioned subarachnoid catheters which were removed after 15 mins. For the next 72-96 hours, rats showed: 1 – normal spontaneous behavior including grooming, ambulation, defecation and urination; 2 – decreased nocifensive responses on the hotplate at 44C – 47C; 3 – increased hindpaw mechanical withdrawal thresholds; and, 4 – prolonged tail flick response latencies. Systemic naloxone (0.8-2.0 mg/kg, s.c.) did not reverse the anti-nociceptive effect of NT-CTA. Hotplate responses completely returned to baseline within 7 days. These data are interpreted as showing that intrathecal NTS-CTA is reversibly anti-nociceptive by a naloxone-insensitive (non-opioid) mechanism. The likely mechanism of NTS-CTA action is hypothesized to involve tonic activation of NTS receptor-expressing inhibitory interneurons in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord that increases inhibition of nociceptive projection neurons. This strategy may prove useful in treating intractable pain and may be generally useful in the study and manipulation of other populations of inhibitory (or excitatory) interneurons using various neuropeptide-CTA conjugates in such fields as epilepsy, learning and memory, etc. Ongoing work is aimed at identifying the neurons activated by NTS-CTA, testing NTS-CTA in operant pain tests, testing nociceptive effects of other neuropeptide-CTA conjugates and evaluating ways to produce more prolonged activation of the target neurons.

Related Products: Neurotensin-SAP (Cat. #IT-56), Neurotensin-CTA (Cat. #IT-60)

Saeed AW, Ribeiro-Da-Silva A (2011) Consequences of the ablation of non-peptidergic nociceptive fibers on neurokinin-1 receptor expression by spinal lamina I neurons. Neuroscience 2011 Abstracts 804.21. Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC.

Summary: Spinal dorsal horn lamina I projection neurons expressing the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1r) are important in relaying pain-related information from the periphery to the brain. These lamina I neurons have been classified, based on their morphological and physiological properties, into three types: fusiform, multipolar and pyramidal. Of these cell types, pyramidal neurons seldom express the NK-1r and are non-nociceptive. Previously, our laboratory has demonstrated in a cuff model of chronic constriction injury a de novo expression of NK-1r by pyramidal neurons, starting at the same time as the mechanical allodynia. We have also observed a similar de novo expression of NK-1r by pyramidal neurons in an animal model of arthritis. In the current study, we investigated whether the cytotoxic ablation of the non-peptidergic, isolectin B4 (IB4)-binding subpopulation of nociceptive primary afferents led to changes in NK-1r expression by the different lamina I cell types. We injected IB4 conjugated to saporin (SAP) into the left sciatic nerve of anesthetized male Sprague Dawley rats to specifically lesion IB4-positive non-peptidergic nociceptive C-fibers. Cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) was injected into the parabrachial nucleus to label lamina I projection neurons. Animals were tested for thermal and mechanical sensitivity and sacrificed from 2 weeks to 2 months post-lesion. We cut horizontal sections of spinal segments L4 and L5 and processed the tissue for IB4 binding and NK-1r and CTB immunoreactivities using immunofluorescence. IB4-SAP treated animals showed no behavioral changes compared to sham animals when tested for thermal (Hargreaves test), mechanical allodynia (von Frey test) or mechanical hyperalgesia (pin prick test) at any of the time points studied. Compared to the contralateral side and the sham group, lamina I projection neurons in the IB4-SAP treated group revealed an ipsilateral increase in the expression of NK-1r by the fusiform and multipolar neuronal populations. Nonetheless, there was no significant change in the percentage of pyramidal neurons which expressed NK-1r, which remained very low on the ipsilateral side of the IB4-SAP treated group. From these results, we infer that a loss of non-peptidergic afferents does not induce a phenotypic switch in the pyramidal neurons. However, the increase in NK-1r immunoreactivity in lamina I fusiform and multipolar neurons suggests that these cell populations may be important in maintaining the nociceptive responses in the absence of the IB4-positive non-peptidergic afferents. Finally, we suggest that a chronic pain state may be required for the de novo expression of NK-1r by pyramidal neurons.

Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10)

Kozicz T, Xu L, Geenen B, Gaszner B, Kovacs K, Roubos E (2011) Leptin-receptor-expressing neurons in the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus regulate white and brown adipose tissue. Neuroscience 2011 Abstracts 822.19. Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC.

Summary: Leptin, produced by white adipose tissue (WAT), is a key factor that regulates food intake and energy expenditure in vertebrates. It conveys information about fat storage in the periphery to the brain. The leptin receptor long form (LepRb) can be found in the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus (npEW) in the midbrain, which is the main site of urocortin 1 (Ucn1) production in the brain. In both mice and rats, intraperitoneal administration of leptin induces an increase in Ucn1 expression in the npEW whereas in mice that lack LepRb (db/db mice), the npEW contains considerably reduced amount of Ucn1. The npEW also responds to acute thermal exposure, indicating a role of this nucleus in thermoregulation. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is critical to maintain homoeothermia and is centrally controlled via sympathetic outputs. A recent study demonstrates a projection from EW to BAT by using retrograde tracer pseudorabies virus (PRV). In our study, using PRV injection into the WAT of rats, we identified PRV-labeled Ucn1 neurons in the npEW, indicating a connection from npEW to WAT. In order to analyze the involvement of the npEW in the regulation of sympathetic WAT and BAT outputs, we performed the experiment using the neurotoxin saporin. When conjugated to leptin (Lep-SAP), Lep-SAP can selectively kill LepRb-expressing neurons. Wister rats were given injection of either Lep-SAP or a control blank saporin (B-SAP) into the left npEW Results showed that injection of Lep-SAP significantly blunted Ucn1 expression in the npEW. The weights of WAT and BAT were analyzed on both sides. The WAT and BAT weights were increased significantly on the contralateral side in Lep-SAP compared with B-SAP injected rats, however not different on the ipsilateral side. Interestingly, we observed that both WAT and BAT weighed more on the ipsilateral than the contralateral side only in the B-SAP animals. We will further test the effect of lesioning npEW neurons on the function of WAT and BAT by assessing specific WAT and BAT markers by RT-PCR and histology. Taken these data together, we provide evidence that LepRb-expressing neurons in the npEW regulate BAT and WAT most probably via sympathetic circuits.

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