References

Li AJ, Wiater MF, Oostrom MT, Smith BR, Wang Q, Dinh TT, Roberts BL, Jansen HT, Ritter S (2012) Leptin-sensitive neurons in the arcuate nuclei contribute to endogenous feeding rhythms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 302(11):R1313-26. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00086.2012

Summary: It is clear that the arcuate nucleus (Arc) plays an important role in the generation of feeding rhythms. To clarify how this region modulates signals governing food intake the authors took advantage of the Arc mediation of leptin. Rats received bilateral injections of leptin-SAP (Cat. #IT-47, 56.5 ng per dose) into each Arc. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. The lesioned animals quickly became obese and displayed arrhythmic eating patterns under normal light conditions. The results indicate that lesioned neurons in the Arc as well as those in the suprachiasmatic nuclei are required for maintenance of feeding rhythms controlled by photic cues.

Related Products: Leptin-SAP (Cat. #IT-47), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Smith CD, Holschbach MA, Olsewicz J, Lonstein JS (2012) Effects of noradrenergic alpha-2 receptor antagonism or noradrenergic lesions in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial preoptic area on maternal care in female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 224(2):263-276. doi: 10.1007/s00213-012-2749-2

Summary: The authors investigated the function of norepinephrine in mothering. Lesioned animals received 55-ng infusions of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Mouse-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as a control. The results demonstrate that downregulated noradrenergic activity is necessary for postpartum maternal behavior, but is not enough to elicit maternal behavior in nulliparous females.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Pedrino GR, Freiria-Oliveira AH, Almeida Colombari DS, Rosa DA, Cravo SL (2012) A2 noradrenergic lesions prevent renal sympathoinhibition induced by hypernatremia in rats. PLoS One 7(5):e37587. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037587

Summary: It is thought that renal sympathetic nerve activity is a key component of the response to acute or chronic elevated concentrations of saline in the blood stream. The authors investigated what neurons are involved in the central control of these responses. Rats received bilateral 6.3 ng injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the nucleus of the solitary tract. An equimolar amount (1.3 ng) of saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Loss of the A2 noradrenergic neurons altered the renal sympathetic nerve activity response to elevated saline, suggesting that these neurons help regulate the extracellular fluid compartment.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Ma J, Tai SK, Leung LS (2012) Septohippocampal GABAergic neurons mediate the altered behaviors induced by n-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. Hippocampus 22(12):2208-2218. doi: 10.1002/hipo.22039

Summary: It is thought that the integrity of the medial septum is essential for the maintenance of hippocampal theta rhythm – and that this maintenance depends on three types of septohippocampal neurons; cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutaminergic. In this work the authors administered bilateral injections totaling 140 ng of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) into the medial septum of rats. The animals were then treated with NMDA receptor antagonists to examine the role of GABAergic neurons from the medial septum in psychotic behavior. The data suggest that septohippocampal GABAergic neurons are important for expression of psychotic symptoms caused by NMDA receptor antagonists.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Lacerda CM, Kisiday J, Johnson B, Orton EC (2012) Local serotonin mediates cyclic strain-induced phenotype transformation, matrix degradation, and glycosaminoglycan synthesis in cultured sheep mitral valves. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 302(10):H1983-90. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00987.2011 PMID: 22345569

Summary: Calcific aortic valve disease and myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) are the most commonly seen degenerative heart valve diseases. Exogenous serotonin has been shown to induce valvulopathy, but current opinion regards serotoninergic and degenerative valvulopathies as unrelated. This work investigated the relationship between serotonin synthesis and strain-induced MMVD in cultured sheep mitral valve leaflets. Anti-SERT (Cat. #AB-N09) was used in immunoblotting experiments. The results demonstrate local serotonin synthesis by mitral valves, modulation of this synthesis by tensile loading, and inhibition of serotonin results in the reduction of strain-mediated protein expression.

Related Products: Antibody to Serotonin Transporter (SERT, Cat. #AB-N09)

Gulino R, Gulisano M (2012) Involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and sonic hedgehog in the spinal cord plasticity after neurotoxic partial removal of lumbar motoneurons. Neurosci Res 73(3):238-247. doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.04.010

Summary: In this work the authors created a motoneuron depletion with bilateral 6.0-μg injections of CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14) into the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles of rats. The results indicate BDNF and sonic hedgehog may collaborate in modulating synaptic plasticity after loss of motoneurons.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Field RH, Gossen A, Cunningham C (2012) Prior pathology in the basal forebrain cholinergic system predisposes to inflammation-induced working memory deficits: Reconciling inflammatory and cholinergic hypotheses of delirium. J Neurosci 32(18):6288-6294. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4673-11.2012

Summary: The authors lesioned the basal forebrain of mice with 0.08 μg or 0.4 μg icv injections of mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16) to establish an early dementia-associated cholinergic loss model. The mice were then challenged with systemic inflammation using low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The mu p75-SAP lesion left hippocampal-dependent reference and working memory relatively intact. LPS-induced inflammation created acute working memory deficits; an aceytlcholinesterase inhibitor protected against this deficit.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

Man SH, Geranton SM, Hunt SP (2012) Lamina I NK1 expressing projection neurones are functional in early postnatal rats and contribute to the setting up of adult mechanical sensory thresholds. Mol Pain 8(1):35. doi: 10.1186/1744-8069-8-35

Summary: Projections from lamina I neurons regulate mechanical and thermal sensitivity due to injury. Little is known about how these pathways develop immediately after birth. Rats at postnatal day 3 were treated with 2 μl of 5 μM SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07) injected into the intrathecal space. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. The data show that neurokinin-1 positive neurons project to the parabrachial nucleus in the hindbrain, and that these neurons and lamina I neurons were responsive to noxious stimulation at postnatal day 3. Treated animals also displayed increased mechanical sensitivity from postnatal day 45 on.

Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Mavrogenis AF, Pavlakis K, Stamatoukou A, Papagelopoulos PJ, Theoharis S, Zetahang Z, Soucacos PN, Zoubos AB (2013) Intraneural OX7-saporin for neuroma-in-continuity in a rat model. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 23(3):263-272. doi: 10.1007/s00590-012-0996-x

Summary: The authors created a model of neuroma-in-continuity to explore the effect of OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02) on the neuroma. The left common peroneal, tibial or sciatic nerves were crushed, then at three and six weeks, the nerve cut distal to the site of nerve crush. Pressure microinjection of 2 μl of natural saline or 2 μl of the OX7-SAP was done at the nerve stump 2 days later. Sacrifice was done after 3 weeks. In all control specimens a neuroma-in-continuity was observed. In 19 of the 24 OX7-SAP specimens, histology showed inhibition of neuroma-in-continuity formation.

Related Products: OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02)

Taylor AM, Osikowicz M, Ribeiro-da-Silva A (2012) Consequences of the ablation of nonpeptidergic afferents in an animal model of trigeminal neuropathic pain. Pain 153(6):1311-1319. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.03.023

Summary: The authors used IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10; 3.2 μg injected into the mental nerve) to eliminate C-fibers in the lower lip of rats to see if this was enough to induce the sprouting of autonomic fibers. Saporin alone (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Only parasympathetic fibers sprouted in these animals, but after nerve ligation surgery both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers sprouted.

Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)