References

LaPlante F (2013) Featured Article: Role of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens and their involvement in schizophrenic pathology. Targeting Trends 14(1)

Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

See Also:

• Laplante F et al. Reduction in cholinergic interneuron density in the nucleus accumbens attenuates local extracellular dopamine release in response to stress or amphetamine. Synapse 67(1):21-29, 2013.

Kukkonen JP (2013) Physiology of the orexinergic/hypocretinergic system: a revisit in 2012. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 304(1):C2-32 . doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00227.2012

Summary: This review updates an original review from a decade ago on the subject of orexins. These neuropeptides have been shown to be involved in sleep, wakefulness, appetite, metabolism, stress response, reward/addiction, and analgesia. This broad spectrum of action affects many processes including neuronal excitation, synaptic plasticity, and cell death. The use of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) in some of this work is discussed.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Anaclet C, Lin JS, Vetrivelan R, Krenzer M, Vong L, Fuller PM, Lu J (2012) Identification and characterization of a sleep-active cell group in the rostral medullary brainstem. J Neurosci 32(50):17970-17976. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0620-12.2012

Summary: The authors attempt to locate and identify specific neuronal populations that promote sleep. One method utilized was 130-330 pg injections of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) into the parafacial zone. These results establish the parafacial zone as a delimited node of sleep-active neurons.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Cusulin C, Monni E, Ahlenius H, Wood J, Brune J, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z (2012) Embryonic stem cell-derived neural stem cells fuse with microglia and mature neurons. Stem Cells 30:2657-2671. doi: 10.1002/stem.1227

Summary: The fusogenic role of microglia could be even more important after NSC transplantation into brains affected by neurodegenerative diseases associated with microglia activation.

Usage: Primary Cells and NS Cell Coculture. Seven to twelve days after plating primary cells, NS cells were plated on top (10,000 cells per cm2)  for 1–3 days. Rat primary cells were treated with 10 nM Mac-1-SAP or Mouse IgG-SAP during the 5 days prior to the coculture, and analyzed 3 days thereafter.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP rat (Cat. #IT-33), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Kaminski KL, Watts AG (2012) Intact catecholamine inputs to the forebrain are required for appropriate regulation of corticotrophin-releasing hormone and vasopressin gene expression by corticosterone in the rat paraventricular nucleus. J Neuroendocrinol 24(12):1517-1526. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02363.x

Summary: Corticosterone releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) control release of adrenocorticotropic hormone and glucocorticoids. In order to determine the contribution of these neurons to CRH and vasopressin expression in the PVH the authors administered bilateral 42 ng injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the PVH of both normal and adrenalectomized rats. Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as a control. The data demonstrate that under certain conditions CRH and vasopressin gene expression is modulated by interactions between corticosterone and catecholaminergic projections to the hypothalamus.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Kato J, O’Donnell RT, Abuhay M, Tuscano JM (2012) Efficacy and toxicity of a CD22-targeted antibody-saporin conjugate in a xenograft model of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Oncoimmunology 1(9):1469-1475. doi: 10.4161/onci.21815

Summary: CD22 is a B-cell-specific antigen found on many B-cell malignancies. It is not expressed by stem cell precursors, and is rapidly internalized when bound by an antibody. In this work, the authors use a custom conjugate of anti-CD22 (mAb HB22.7) and saporin in a cytotoxicity assay on non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma cell lines, as well as in a mouse tumor model. The dosing for the tumor model was 1 mg conjugate per kg of animal. Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as a control. The results indicate that CD22 is a potential therapeutic target for cancer therapy.

Related Products: Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18), Custom Conjugates

Mittelman-Smith MA, Williams H, Krajewski-Hall SJ, McMullen NT, Rance NE (2012) Role for kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin (KNDy) neurons in cutaneous vasodilatation and the estrogen modulation of body temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109(48):19846-19851. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1211517109

Summary: Menopause is marked by estrogen withdrawal, and also by hot flushes. Given the fact that hypothalamic levels of kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin (KNDy) neurons are significantly altered in menopause, the authors investigated whether these neurons are involved in the generation of flushes. Rats received bilateral injections of NK3-SAP (Cat. #IT-63) into the arcuate nucleus – a total of 40 ng. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as control. The data indicate that KNDy neurons promote cutaneous vasodilation, and play a role in 17β-estradiol modulation of body temperature, supporting the hypothesis that these neurons could play a role in the generation of hot flushes.

Related Products: NKB-SAP (Cat. #IT-63), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Kerbler GM, Hamlin AS, Pannek K, Kurniawan ND, Keller MD, Rose SE, Coulson EJ (2013) Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging detection of basal forebrain cholinergic degeneration in a mouse model. Neuroimage 66C:133-141. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.075

Summary: The authors examined the effectiveness of diffusion MRI using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and probabilistic tractography in detecting cholinergic loss in a mouse model. Mice received bilateral 0.2-μg icv injections of mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16). Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35) was used as control. The animals were then examined using DTI. The data indicate that DTI is a valid technique for assessment of cholinergic loss in septo-hippocampal tracts as a result of Alzheimer’s disease.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)

Tuscano JM, Kato J, Pearson D, Xiong C, Newell L, Ma Y, Gandara DR, O’Donnell RT (2012) CD22 antigen is broadly expressed on lung cancer cells and is a target for antibody-based therapy. Cancer Res 72(21):5556-5565. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-0173

Summary: The median overall survival of patients with advanced, unresectable, non-small cell lung cancer is 9-12 mos. A potential therapeutic target is CD22, a protein expressed on lung cancer cells. The authors examined the use of the monoclonal antibody HB22.7 as an antitumor agent. To assess internalization of the antibody, it was first incubated with 10 μg/ml Mab-ZAP (Cat. #IT-04) then applied to two different cancer cell lines in culture. Analysis of cell viability demonstrated that CD22 internalized when bound by the antibody-toxin complex, suggesting that targeting CD22 has therapeutic potential.

Related Products: Mab-ZAP (Cat. #IT-04)

Vetrivelan R, Fuller PM, Yokota S, Lu J, Saper CB (2012) Metabolic effects of chronic sleep restriction in rats. Sleep 35(11):1511-1520. doi: 10.5665/sleep.2200

Summary: In order to investigate whether there is a correlation between sleep and weight the authors administered 200 nl of a 0.1% solution of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) to the ventrolateral preoptic area of rats. Although the lesioned animals slept less than the controls, weight gain was slower than controls.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)