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Mitigating the functional deficit after neurotoxic motoneuronal loss by an inhibitor of mitochondrial fission
Ciuro M, Sangiorgio M, Cacciato V, Cantone G, Fichera C, Salvatorelli L, Magro G, Leanza G, Vecchio M, Valle MS, Gulino R (2024) Mitigating the functional deficit after neurotoxic motoneuronal loss by an inhibitor of mitochondrial fission. Int J Mol Sci 25(13):7059. doi: 10.3390/ijms25137059 PMID: 39000168
Objective: To use the Cholera Toxin B-Saporin (CTB-SAP) mouse animal model of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) to determine the efficacy of mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi-1) for its potential neuroprotective effect.
Summary: Mdivi-1 reduced motor deficits in the ALS model. It also showed neuroprotective effects on motoneurons and promoted plasticity. This could represent a translational approach for motoneuron disorders.
Usage: To establish the model, mice received two injections of the retrogradely transported, ribosome-inactivating toxin, CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14) into the medial and lateral right gastrocnemius muscles, respectively, with a toxin dose of 6 μg/2 μL in PBS per injection.
Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)
Autonomic nerve and its modulation approaches for heart failure
Zhang H, Zhu Y, Chen S, Deng K, Zheng M, Zeng Z, Wang Q, Cai H, Lu Z (2023) Autonomic nerve and its modulation approaches for heart failure. Brain & Heart doi: 10.36922/bh.0913
Objective: Authors review neural modulation approaches that can assist in the management of heart failure.
Summary: The autonomic nervous system governs the heart’s neurological regulation through opposing functions of its sympathetic and parasympathetic components. Potential treatments for heart failure include inhibiting the sympathetic nerve’s overactivity and restoring parasympathetic activity in the heart. CTB-SAP was used to ablate cardiac sympathetic neurons via retrograde transport on stellate ganglion neurons.
Usage: CTB-SAP was injected into the right superior vervical ganglion of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (50 ug/rat).
Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)
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Tongue exercise-induced functional and structural upper airway plasticity in a rodent model of hypoglossal (XII) motor neuron loss
Keilholz A, Homan C, Schroeder A, Osman K, Smith C, Pathak I, Streeter K, Ozden I, Ma L, Lever T, Nichols N (2023) Tongue exercise-induced functional and structural upper airway plasticity in a rodent model of hypoglossal (XII) motor neuron loss. American Physiology Summit 2023 Meeting Abstracts 38(S1)
Objective: Examine if upper airway function/coordination can be improved in lower motor neuron (LMN) degeneration by tongue exercise-induced axis plasticity.
Summary: Tongue muscle weakness in patients with motor neuron diseases suggests a potential role for therapeutic exercise but lacks evidence due to lack of an appropriate model. Data suggests that tongue exercise in CTB-SAP rats results in enhanced XII motor plasticity and mitigates structural airway changes. In conclusion, tongue exercise appears to cause XII-tongue axis plasticity to improve upper airway function and coordination in the face of XII LMN degeneration.
Usage: The authors developed a novel rodent model using intralingual injections of CTB-SAP to induce targeted loss of XII motor neurons and motor output.
Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)
Impact of limb phenotype on tongue denervation atrophy, dysphagia penetrance, and survival time in a mouse model of ALS
Mueller M, Thompson R, Osman KL, Andel E, DeJonge CA, Kington S, Stephenson Z, Hamad A, Bunyak F, Nichols NL, Lever TE (2022) Impact of limb phenotype on tongue denervation atrophy, dysphagia penetrance, and survival time in a mouse model of ALS. Dysphagia doi: 10.1007/s00455-022-10442-4
Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)
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A spinal microglia population involved in remitting and relapsing neuropathic pain
Kohno K, Shirasaka R, Yoshihara K, Mikuriya S, Tanaka K, Takanami K, Inoue K, Sakamoto H, Ohkawa Y, Masuda T, Tsuda M (2022) A spinal microglia population involved in remitting and relapsing neuropathic pain. Science 376(6588):86-90. doi: 10.1126/science.abf6805
Objective: To investigate pain recovery mechanisms.
Summary: The authors reveal a mechanism for the remission and recurrence ofneuropathic pain, providing potential targets for therapeutic strategies.
Usage: The dose of CTB-SAP and IB4-SAP was 8 ug/10 uL, diluted in PBS.
Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14), IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10)
Divergent receptor utilization is necessary for phrenic long-term facilitation over the course of motor neuron loss following CTB-SAP intrapleural injections
Borkowski LF, Smith CL, Keilholz AN, Nichols NL (2021) Divergent receptor utilization is necessary for phrenic long-term facilitation over the course of motor neuron loss following CTB-SAP intrapleural injections. J Neurophysiol 126(3):709-722. doi: 10.1152/jn.00236.2021
Objective: The authors tested the hypothesis that phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF) following treatment with CTB-SAP is: 1) adenosine 2A (A2A) receptor-dependent at 7d; and 2) serotonin (5-HT) receptor-dependent at 28d.
Summary: This study furthers understanding of the contribution of differential receptor activation to pLTF and its implications for breathing following respiratory motor neuron death.
Usage: Male rats received bilateral, intrapleural injections of CTB-SAP or Saporin Control (25 μg).
Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
How are adenosine and adenosine A2A receptors involved in the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?
Mori A, Cross B, Uchida S, Kerrick Walker J, Ristuccia R (2021) How are adenosine and adenosine A2A receptors involved in the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?. Biomedicines 9(8):1027. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9081027
Objective: To examine potential biomarkers and the acute symptomatic pharmacology, including respiratory motor neuron control, of adenosine A2A receptor antagonism, and to explore the potential of the A2A receptor as a target for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) therapy.
Summary: CTB-SAP is listed in a table of experimental animal models of ALS. Intrapleural CTB-SAP injected rats (neurotoxic model of respiratory motor neuron death).
Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)
Clobetasol promotes neuromuscular plasticity in mice after motoneuronal loss via sonic hedgehog signaling, immunomodulation and metabolic rebalancing
Vicario N, Spitale FM, Tibullo D, Giallongo C, Amorini AM, Scandura G, Spoto G, Saab MW, D’Aprile S, Alberghina C, Mangione R, Bernstock JD, Botta C, Gulisano M, Buratti E, Leanza G, Zorec R, Vecchio M, Di Rosa M, Li Volti G, Lazzarino G, Parenti R, Gulino R (2021) Clobetasol promotes neuromuscular plasticity in mice after motoneuronal loss via sonic hedgehog signaling, immunomodulation and metabolic rebalancing. Cell Death Dis 12(7):625. doi: 10.1038/s41419-021-03907-1
Summary: The focal removal of confined populations of spinal MNs by injection of CTB-SAP has proven to be useful in mimicking respiratory dysfunction, dysphagia, and focal MN loss.
Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)
See Also:
- Lind LA et al. Tongue and hypoglossal morphology after intralingual cholera toxin B-saporin injection. Muscle Nerve 63(3):413-420, 2021.
- Gulino R et al. Neuromuscular plasticity in a mouse neurotoxic model of spinal motoneuronal loss. Int J Mol Sci 20(6):1500, 2019.
- Nichols N et al. Respiratory function after selective respiratory motor neuron death from intrapleural CTB-saporin injections. Exp Neurol 267:18-29, 2015.
- Gulino R et al. Expression of cell fate determinants and plastic changes after neurotoxic lesion of adult mice spinal cord by cholera toxin-B saporin. Eur J Neurosci 31(8):1423-1434, 2010.
Utilization of pectoralis minor accessory inspiratory muscles in a rodent model of respiratory motor neuron loss
Borkowski L, Nichols N (2021) Utilization of pectoralis minor accessory inspiratory muscles in a rodent model of respiratory motor neuron loss. FASEB J 35(S1) Experimental Biology 2021 Meeting Abstracts. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.S1.01843 PMID: 0
Objective: To develop a model of selective respiratory motor neuron death to study how breathing is impacted and advance targeted therapeutic interventions.
Summary: Prior to ventilatory failure, patients can maintain breathing potentially via recruitment of accessory inspiratory muscles (e.g., pectoralis minor). The data suggest that the pectoralis minor muscles have an independent motor pool that can become recruited to assist in maintaining eupnea (normal respiration).
Usage: Adult male rats received bilateral CTB-SAP or control (CTB unconjugated to SAP) intrapleurally.
Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)
A systematic review of oropharyngeal dysphagia models in rodents
Kim HN, Kim JY (2021) A systematic review of oropharyngeal dysphagia models in rodents. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(9):4987. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18094987
Objective: To organize the rodent models of oropharyngeal dysphagia reported to date.
Summary: Applying and analyzing the treatment in rodent models of dysphagia induced from various causes is an essential process to develop symptom-specific treatments. The results of this study provide fundamental and important data for selecting appropriate animal models to study dysphagia.
Usage: CTB-SAP treated rats exhibited targeted hypoglossal motor neuron death; decreased hypoglossal motor output; and swallowing and lick deficits.
Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)