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PACAP/PAC 1 modulates light-induced sleep via the ipRGC-VLPO pathway
Wang W, Zhang Y, Li L, Xu Y, Zhang W, Chen X, Wang X, Tong G, Zhang P (2026) PACAP/PAC 1 modulates light-induced sleep via the ipRGC-VLPO pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 808:153462. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2026.153462 PMID: 41702189
Objective: To investigate the mechanism of PACAP in ipRGC–VLPO light-induced sleep.
Summary: Partial ablation of ipRGCs by Melanopsin-SAP reduced light-induced sleep duration, whereas PACAP 1-38 administration reversed this effect, leading to an increase in REM sleep. After the partial destruction of ipRGCs through the intraocular injection of saporin (SAP), we continued to observe the effect of PACAP on light-induced sleep. The results showed that after the microdialysis injection of PACAP 1-38 into the VLPO of SAP mice, the light-induced sleep of the mice increased; specifically, REM sleep significantly increased. The results suggest that PACAP is involved in ipRGC–VLPO-mediated light-induced sleep.
Related Products: Melanopsin-SAP (Cat. #IT-44)
An AIEgen-based carrier enables efficient cytosolic delivery of bioactive proteins
Yang Y, Jia H, Yang L, He B, Zhang K, Liu H (2026) An AIEgen-based carrier enables efficient cytosolic delivery of bioactive proteins. Int J Nanomedicine 21:1-14. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S557672
Summary: The authors report a novel AIEgen (Aggregation-induced emission luminogen) -based carrier, MTPABP-Guided-Intracellular-Carrier (MAGIC), that achieves high efficiency in delivering native proteins into the cytosol. MAGIC efficiently delivered trypsin, RNase A, and saporin into the cytosol of mammalian cell lines while preserving their enzymatic or functional activity. The MAGIC delivery system holds significant promise for advancing the study of cellular physiology and enabling precise therapeutic interventions.
Usage: HeLa cells were treated with MTPABP/saporin complexes. Saporin concentration was 5 μg/mL. Free saporin served as a control.
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Retinal glia regulate development of the circadian photoentrainment circuit
Brown TW, Vilallongue N, Hales SC, Srikanta S, Rochon PL, Rangel Olguin AG, Waxman SB, Tufford A, Van Prooijen J, Krishnaswamy A, Cermakian N, Cayouette M (2025) Retinal glia regulate development of the circadian photoentrainment circuit. Cell Rep 44(11):116464. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116464 PMID: 41150857
Objective: To examine the role of Müller glia in the development of hypothalamus-projecting ipRGCs and their contribution to circadian photoentrainment.
Summary: Disrupting SNARE-mediated release in Müller glia reduced ATP secretion, heightened ipRGC light responses, and impaired photoentrainment without affecting vision or pupil reflexes. The study highlights a glia-dependent mechanism essential for proper maturation of the circadian visual pathway.
Usage: Anti-Melanopsin (AB-N38) was used for immunohistochemistry (IHC) at 1:100 dilution.
Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38)
Progress, opportunity, and perspective on long term preservation of extracellular vesicles
Du R, Zhang Y, Wu S, Zixing W, Jing W (2025) Progress, opportunity, and perspective on long term preservation of extracellular vesicles. SSRN ssrn.5553381. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.5553381
Objective: To provide an overview of the biology, function, and biomedical application of Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and introduce the method to evaluate the storage stability of EVs.
Summary: While there are multiple methods available for EVs preservation, each approach comes with its advantage and limitation. At present, the optimal storage method for various components in EVs is still unknown. The incorporation of cryoprotectants has proven beneficial in enhancing EV preservation. However, it’s important to acknowledge that the concentration of cryoprotectants significantly influences the cryopreservation outcome. Current assessment to evaluate EVs preservation emphasize the alterations in the morphology, size, particle number, and protein of EVs during preservation, however, the description on EVs preservation efficiency has not be standardized.
Usage: When HeLa cell-derived EVs underwent lyophilization, the structure and particle size remained unchanged, the zeta-potential remained around -10 mV before and after lyophilization. However, when the EVs were engineered with arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide (R16 peptide) and encapsulated with saporin (SAP), the biological activity of EVs were highly affected after lyophilization (Noguchi et al., 2019).
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
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Cerebellar contributions to spatial learning and memory: Effects of discrete immunotoxic lesions
Leanza MH, Storelli E, D’Arco D, de Leo G, Kleiner G, Arancio L, Capodieci G, Gulino R, Bava A, Leanza G (2025) Cerebellar contributions to spatial learning and memory: Effects of discrete immunotoxic lesions. Int J Mol Sci 26(19):9553. doi: 10.3390/ijms26199553 PMID: 41096819
Objective: To analyze the behavioral and anatomical effects of discrete injections, in different groups of animals, of the same 192 IgG-saporin toxin into the basal forebrain nuclei and/or into the cerebellar vermis and hemispheres.
Summary: Authors administered, 192 IgG-saporin, selectively targeting cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and a subpopulation of cerebellar Purkinje cells, to adult rats bilaterally into the basal forebrain nuclei, the cerebellar cortices or both areas combined. The results suggest important functional interactions between the ascending regulatory inputs from the cerebellum and those arising in the basal forebrain nuclei that would act together to modulate the complex sensory–motor and cognitive processes required to control whole body movement in space.
Usage: (i) bilateral intraventricular injection of 192 IgG-saporin (ICV, n = 12); (ii) bilateral injections of 192 IgG-saporin into the basal forebrain nuclei (BF, n = 12); (iii) injections of 192 IgG-saporin into the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis (CBL, n = 12); and (iv) injections of 192 IgG-saporin into both the basal forebrain nuclei and cerebellar hemispheres and vermis (BF/CBL, n = 12).
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
CB1 receptors on a subset of vagal afferent neurons modulate voluntary ethanol intake in mice
Herrerias A, Oliverio A, Dvorácskó S, Thyagarajan A, Chedester L, Liu J, Cinar R, Iyer MR, Kunos G, Godlewski G (2025) CB1 receptors on a subset of vagal afferent neurons modulate voluntary ethanol intake in mice. Mol Psychiatry doi: 10.1038/s41380-025-03266-9 PMID: 40975751
Related Products: Anti-CB1-SAP (Cat. #IT-104), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
Light-enhanced cytotoxicity and intracellular trafficking of the PD-L1-targeting photoimmunoconjugate EITC-atezolizumab
Alampi MM, Kozlíková M, Mariangeli M, Civita S, Delcanale P, Mussini A, Diaspro A, Bianchini P, Weyergang A, Skarpen E, Berg K, Viappiani C, Abbruzzetti S, Selbo PK (2025) Light-enhanced cytotoxicity and intracellular trafficking of the PD-L1-targeting photoimmunoconjugate EITC-atezolizumab. Biomed Pharmacother 191:118550. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118550 PMID: 40946581
Objective: To optimize the cytotoxic efficacy of a photoimmunoconjugate of eosin-5-isothiocyanate and atezolizumab (EITC-atezolizumab) in NSCLC cells; To study the uptake and intracellular transport of atezolizumab; and to evaluate EITC-atezolizumab as a candidate for photochemical internalization (PCI) of the ribosome-inactivating protein gelonin.
Summary: This is the first documentation demonstrating that atezolizumab is transported to CD63-positive organelles, thereby enhancing our understanding of its intracellular trafficking. The study also strengthens the concept of Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) and atezolizumab-based targeting of PD-L1+NSCLCs.
Usage: The cytotoxic efficacy of the PD-L1-targeting immunotoxin (Anti-PD-L1-SAP) was strongly enhanced in PD-L1-positive breast cancer cells by photochemical internalization (PCI),a low-dose, Photodynamictherapy (PDT)-based intracellular drug delivery method.
Related Products: Anti-PD-L1-SAP (Cat. #IT-45)
Focal irradiation regulates distal neural stem and progenitor cell behaviour
Handfield J (2025) Focal irradiation regulates distal neural stem and progenitor cell behaviour. Univ Toronto Thesis.
Objective: To investigate how focal irradiation (IR) impacts non-irradiated neural stem cell (NSC) niches along the neuraxis and whether microglia mediate these long-distance effects.
Summary: Focal cranial IR decreased spinal cord-derived NSCs, while spinal IR reduced neuroblasts and NSCs in the forebrain. Microglia ablation did not rescue these effects, suggesting IR alters NSC behavior along the neuraxis independently of microglia.
Usage: Mac-1-SAP (CD11b, Cat. #IT-06) was cited as a method previously used for microglia ablation.
Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06)
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Investigating anxiety-like behaviors and basolateral amygdala dysfunction in a novel rat model of Parkinson’s disease
Lipari NR (2025) Investigating anxiety-like behaviors and basolateral amygdala dysfunction in a novel rat model of Parkinson’s disease. SUNY Binghamton Thesis.
Objective: To create a unique model of PD with improved face validity, and non-motor symptoms.
Summary: This work helped further characterize motor and non-motor symptoms while providing potential underlying physiological markers for early disease course in a unique animal model of Parkinson’s disease (PD).
Usage: It has been demonstrated that lesioning of the basolateral amygdala with the targeted toxin stable substance P (SSP) saporin, a toxin that selectively lesions neurons which express neurokinin1 receptors, increases anxiety-like behaviors in rats.
Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)
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Hole in one: CD137-ADC eliminates GVHD
Nierkens S, Lindemans CA (2025) Hole in one: CD137-ADC eliminates GVHD. Blood 146(9):1038-1040. doi: 10.1182/blood.2025029867 PMID: 40875553
Objective: To show that a single dose of CD137-ADC can prevent acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) while pre-serving immune reconstitution in a nonhuman primate (NHP) model of stem cell transplantation.
Summary: Results showed that animals treated with CD137-ADC exhibited markedly reduced clinical and histopathological features of GVHD, improved survival, and, notably, no need for additional immunosuppressive therapy. Although still in preclinical development, these findings support the potential for translation to highly needed human therapy.
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
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