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Contributed by Corinne Liying Lee, Ramamoorthy Rajkumar, Gavin Stewart Dawe, Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System; Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore; and Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), Singapore 117456 The nucleus incertus (NI) is a distinct group of cells in the pontine […]

Advanced Targeting Systems’ first product, 192-IgG-SAP, answered a long-sought request from behavioral neuroscientists: a neurotoxin for the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. Over the years it has become the classic in the field and has changed the way that we think about those neurons and their role in learning and memory. Substance P-saporin (SP-SAP)

Contributed by Francesco Ferrini (1) and Yves De Koninck (2,3) 1) Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin,10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy 2) Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada 3) Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G13 7P4, Canada Morphine-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance dramatically limit the use of

Contributed by Brian J. Russell The newly invigorated BRAIN initiative (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies, also known as the Brain Activity Map Project) has placed a premium on understanding the role of each neuron within the human brain. This effort has been our focus for some time via our Targeted Toxin technology. From the

Contributed by Liu Y, Weick JP, Liu H, Krencik R, Zhang X, Ma L, Zhou GM, Ayala M, Zhang SC. Waisman Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. and Human Anatomy and Histology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical School, Shanghai, China. Basal forebrain neurons including cholinergic neurons and GABA interneurons

Contributed by Jose Luis Daniotti, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina. Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are amphipathic molecules consisting of a ceramide lipid moiety linked to a glycan chain of variable length and structure. Among these are found the

Contributed by François LaPlante. Dept of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada A post-mortem reduction in the density of cholinergic interneurons in the ventral striatum or nucleus accumbens (N.Acc.) has been reported in schizophrenic brains.[1,2] In this region the cholinergic interneurons interact anatomically and functionally with the dopaminergic nerve terminals notably to dampen the effects