2021 Targeting Trends Review

Liu J, Ding X, Fu Y, Xiang C, Yuan Y, Zhang Y, Yu P (2021) Cyclodextrins based delivery systems for macro biomolecules. Eur J Med Chem 212:113105. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113105

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• He X et al. Simple and efficient targeted intracellular protein delivery with self-assembled nanovehicles for effective cancer therapy. Adv Funct Mater 29(50):1906187, 2019.

Koeniger T, Bell L, Mifka A, Enders M, Hautmann V, Mekala SR, Kirchner P, Ekici AB, Schulz C, Wörsdörfer P, Mencl S, Kleinschnitz C, Ergün S, Kuerten S (2021) Bone marrow-derived myeloid progenitors in the leptomeninges of adult mice. Stem Cells 39(2):227-239. doi: 10.1002/stem.3311

Summary: This report confirms the presence of myeloid progenitors at the meningeal border of the brain and lays the foundation to unravel their possible functions in CNS surveillance and local immune cell production. Compared to bone marrow transfer after whole-body irradiation, chimerism developed more slowly in the CD45-SAP (biotinylated anti-CD45 mixed with Streptavidin-ZAP) model and only reached around 50% in the blood myeloid compartment 15 weeks after transplantation.

See: Palchaudhuri R et al. Non-genotoxic conditioning for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using a hematopoietic-cell-specific internalizing immunotoxin. Nat Biotechnol 34:738-745, 2016.

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

Marquez J, Dong J, Dong C, Tian C, Serrero G (2021) Identification of prostaglandin F2 receptor negative regulator (PTGFRN) as an internalizable target in cancer cells for antibody-drug conjugate development. PLoS One 16(1):e0246197. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246197

Summary: PTGFRN is a cell-surface protein that is upregulated in certain cancer types, including head and neck and, notably, pediatric medulloblastoma, an aggressive cancer with limited therapeutic options. With the selection of the mouse monoclonal antibody 33B7, the authors identified PTGFRN as a potential therapy target, and show that it is internalized by incubation with 33B7. Purified 33B7 antibody was sent to Advanced Targeting Systems where saporin was directly conjugated to the Fc region of 33B7 using their proprietary cleavable linker.

Usage: In a 96-well plate, 2000 cells/well were plated in triplicate in 100 μL of DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 2.5% FBS, 0.4 ug/ml 33B7 antibody, and 0.9ug/ml of Fab-ZAP mouse. As an isotype control, cells were incubated with mouse Fab IgG-SAP as control (instead of 33B7) and Fab-ZAP.

Related Products: Fab-ZAP mouse (Cat. #IT-48), Fab IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-67), Custom Conjugates

Chandra S, Rawat D, Bhatt A (2021) Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Saponaria officinalis L.: A review. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 13(1):10809. doi: 10.15835/nsb13110809

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Moschonas EH, Leary JB, Memarzadeh K, Bou-Abboud CE, Folweiler KA, Monaco CM, Bondi CO (2021) Disruption of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons after traumatic brain injury does not compromise environmental enrichment-mediated cognitive benefits. Brain Res 1751:147175. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147175

Objective: To determine if basal forebrain cholinergic neurons are important mediators of environmental enrichment (EE)-induced benefits after traumatic brain injury.

Summary: These data show that despite significant medial septal ChAT+ cell loss, the EE-mediated benefit in cognitive recovery is not compromised.

Usage: 0.22 μg/1.0 μL 192-IgG-SAP was infused over 5 min at a rate of 0.2 μL/min.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Oti T, Satoh K, Uta D, Nagafuchi J, Tateishi S, Ueda R, Takanami K, Young LJ, Galione A, Morris JF, Sakamoto T, Sakamoto H (2021) Oxytocin influences male sexual activity via non-synaptic axonal release in the spinal cord. Curr Biol 31(1):103-114.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.089

Summary: Oxytocin directly activates SEG (Spinal Ejaculation Generator)/GRP (Gastrin-Releasing Peptide) neurons via OXTRs (Oxytocin Receptors) and influences male sexual function in the rat lumbar spinal cord.

Usage: Oxytocin-SAP (4 or 40 ng) was infused slowly into the L3 and L4 spinal cord. Blank-SAP was used as control.

Related Products: Oxytocin-SAP (Cat. #IT-46), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Nizari S, Wells JA, Carare RO, Romero IA, Hawkes CA (2021) Loss of cholinergic innervation differentially affects eNOS-mediated blood flow, drainage of Aβ and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in the cortex and hippocampus of adult mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 9(1):12. doi: 10.1186/s40478-020-01108-z

Summary: In this report, icv administration of mu p75-SAP resulted in significant death of cholinergic neurons and fibres in the medial septum, cortex and hippocampus of C57BL/6 mice. This study supports the importance of the interrelationship between cholinergic innervation and vascular function in the etiology and/or progression of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and suggests that combined endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/cholinergic therapies may improve the efficiency of Aβ removal from the brain and reduce its deposition as CAA.

Usage: mu p75-SAP (0.596 μg/μl) was injected into the left and right lateral ventricles.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

Chew C, Sengelaub DR (2021) Exercise is neuroprotective on the morphology of somatic motoneurons following the death of neighboring motoneurons via androgen action at the target muscle. Dev Neurobiol 81(1):22-35. doi: 10.1002/dneu.22794

Objective: To determine where the necessary site of androgen action is for exercise-driven neuroprotective effects on induced dendritic atrophy.

Summary: Exercise following neural injury exerts a protective effect on motoneuron dendrites, which acts via androgen receptor action at the target muscle.

Usage: Motoneurons innervating the left vastus medialis (VM) muscle were selectively killed by intramuscular injection of cholera toxin-conjugated saporin (CTB-SAP).

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Nelson TS, Taylor BK (2021) Targeting spinal neuropeptide Y1 receptor-expressing interneurons to alleviate chronic pain and itch. Prog Neurobiol 196:101894. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101894

Summary: Intrathecal administration of NPY-SAP reduced several operant and cognitive measures of Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced allodynia, including responsiveness to cold temperatures, feeding interference, and an escape task, but did not interfere with systemic morphine-induced analgesia. (Wiley et al.) Similar to the spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain, NPY-SAP dose-dependently reduced the development of mechanical allodynia (hindpaw withdrawal response to von Frey filaments), mechanical hyperalgesia (response to blunt pin), and cold allodynia (hindpaw withdrawal response duration to acetone droplet evaporation). (Nelson et al.) Together, these directed lesion studies support the idea that the Y1-IN subpopulation of dorsal horn neurons is necessary for the maintenance of both mechanical and cold modalities of nociceptive transmission in chronic pain states.

Related Products: NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28)

See Also:

• Wiley RG et al. Neuropeptide Y receptor-expressing dorsal horn neurons: role in nocifensive reflex responses to heat and formalin. Neuroscience 161:139-147, 2009.
• Nelson TS et al. Facilitation of neuropathic pain by the NPY Y1 receptor-expressing subpopulation of excitatory interneurons in the dorsal horn. Sci Rep 9(1):7248, 2019.

Puente BR (2021) Chronic pain in dogs (Dolor crónico en el perro). Zaragoza Spain: Gruppo Asis Biomedia, S. L..

Summary: The author presents a thorough overview of aspects of canine chronic pain. He includes SP-SAP (Substance P-Saporin) as an experimental drug, “its use as an adjuvant analgesic in dogs with bone cancer has been studied,”

Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07)

See Also:

• Brown DC et al. Intrathecal substance p-saporin in the dog: efficacy in bone cancer pain. Anesthesiology 119(5):1178-1185, 2013.