2020 Targeting Trends Review

Giannoni P, Fossati S, Claeysen S, Marcello E, eds (2020) Identification of multiple targets in the fight against Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 12:169. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00169

Summary: A collection of 20 articles that depict a broad representation of the most impactful advances in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) comprehension and therapeutic openings.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

Kiguchi N, Uta D, Ding H, Uchida H, Saika F, Matsuzaki S, Fukazawa Y, Abe M, Sakimura K, Ko MC, Kishioka S (2020) GRP receptor and AMPA receptor cooperatively regulate itch-responsive neurons in the spinal dorsal horn. Neuropharmacology 170:108025. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108025

Objective: To investigate the mechanisms for the activation of itch-responsive GRPR+ neurons in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH).

Summary: These findings demonstrate that GRP and glutamate cooperatively regulate GRPR+ AMPAR+ neurons in SDH, mediating itch sensation. GRP–GRPR and the glutamate–AMPAR system may play pivotal roles in the spinal transmission of itch in rodents and nonhuman primates.

Usage: Bombesin-SAP and Blank-SAP were administered i.t. (5 μg/5 μl).

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Cui S-Y, Huang Y-L, Cui X-Y, Zhao H-L, Hu X, Liu Y-T, Qin Y, Kurban N, Zhang Y-H (2020) A common neuronal mechanism of hypertension and sleep disturbances in spontaneously hypertensive rats: Role of orexinergic neurons. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 100:109902. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109902

Objective: To investigate dynamic changes in sleep patterns during the development of hypertension.

Summary: Although the correlation between sleep disturbances and hypertension is very complex, common mechanisms may underlie these comorbidities.

Usage: Orexin-B-SAP (HCRT2-SAP) was administered in two injections/side (100 and 200 ng/0.5 μl/injection).

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Driessen AK, McGovern AE, Behrens R, Moe AAK, Farrell MJ, Mazzone SB (2020) A role for neurokinin 1 receptor expressing neurons in the paratrigeminal nucleus in bradykinin-evoked cough in guinea-pigs. J Physiol 598(11):2257-2275. doi: 10.1113/JP279644

Objective: This study aimed to assess the involvement of paratrigeminal neurokinin 1 receptor neurons in the regulation of cough, breathing and airway defensive responses.

Summary: These findings warrant further investigations into targeting the jugular ganglia and paratrigeminal nucleus as a therapy for treating cough in disease.

Usage: Targeted toxin lesions across three sites of the paratrigeminal nucleus (200nl per injection site).

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

Jani MS, Zou J, Veetil AT, Krishnan Y (2020) A DNA-based fluorescent probe maps NOS3 activity with subcellular spatial resolution. Nat Chem Biol 16:660–666. doi: 10.1038/s41589-020-0491-3 PMID: 32152543

Objective: Usage of novel fluorescent DNA-based probe technology to map activities of endogenous NOS3 in live cells provides a platform to discover selective regulators of NOS3 in PM and TGN.

Summary: Targeting of plasma membrane (PM) and trans-Golgi network (TGN) shows that NOS3 is tenfold less active at the Golgi but its activity is essential for the structural integrity of the Golgi.

Usage: immunofluorescence

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Easton A, Barros M, Lever C (2020) Acetylcholine and spontaneous recognition memory in rodents and primates. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 45:29-45. doi: 10.1007/7854_2020_132

Summary: Review of lesioning designed to specifically target cells that express acetylcholine as a transmitter.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Parikh V, Bangasser DA (2020) Cholinergic signaling dynamics and cognitive control of attention. Shoaib M., Wallace T (Ed.): Behavioral Pharmacology of the Cholinergic System. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. 45:71-87. Springer, Cham doi: 10.1007/7854_2020_133

Summary: A plethora of studies conducted in rodents demonstrated that selective lesions of BF cholinergic neurons and their cortical inputs produced by the immunotoxin 192-IgG-SAP impair performance in various tasks of attention.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Vasquez JH, Borniger JC (2020) Neuroendocrine and behavioral consequences of hyperglycemia in cancer. Endocrinology 161(5):bqaa047. doi: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa047

Summary: Ablation of norepinephrine containing projections to the arcuate (via Anti-DBH-SAP injections) alters AgRP and neuropeptide (NPY) concentrations, leading to impairments in hypoglycemic (glucoprivic) or ghrelin-induced feeding.

Usage: Anti-DBH-SAP (bilateral 42-ng intracranial injections) was used in rats to investigate the role of hindbrain catecholamine afferents in increased ARC NPY and AgRP gene expression.

See: Fraley GS et al. Immunolesion of norepinephrine and epinephrine afferents to medial hypothalamus alters basal and 2-deoxy-D-glucose-induced neuropeptide Y and agouti gene-related protein messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the arcuate nucleus. Endocrinology 144(1):75-83, 2003.

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Harris RBS (2020) Loss of leptin receptor-expressing cells in the hindbrain decreases forebrain leptin sensitivity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 318(5):E806-E816. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00020.2020

Objective: This study tested whether loss of hindbrain leptin receptor signaling changed sensitivity to forebrain leptin.

Summary: Loss of VMH (ventromedial nucleus of hippocampus) leptin receptor-expressing cells prevents weight loss. The integrated response between the hindbrain and forebrain is heavily dependent upon leptin activity in the VMH.

Usage: To test forebrain leptin sensitivity Leptin-SAP and Blank-SAP rats received third ventricle injections of 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25 or 0.5 μg leptin.

Related Products: Leptin-SAP (Cat. #IT-47), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Moshirpour M, Nakashima AS, Sehn N, Smith VM, Thackray SE, Dyck RH, Antle MC (2020) Examination of zinc in the circadian system. Neuroscience 432:15-29. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.016 PMID: 32087262

Objective: To examine the anatomical and functional aspects of zinc in the circadian system.

Summary: Neither enhancement nor chelation of free zinc at either the SCN or IGL altered circadian responses to phase-shifting light in hamsters.

Usage: Retinal immunohistochemistry (1:5000) included a 20-min wash in 4% PFA prior to initiation of the IHC protocol.

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