2020 Targeting Trends Review

Audira G, Ngoc Anh NT, Ngoc Hieu BT, Malhotra N, Siregar P, Villalobos O, Villaflores OB, Ger TR, Huang JC, Chen KH, Hsiao CD (2020) Evaluation of the adverse effects of chronic exposure to donepezil (an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) in adult zebrafish by behavioral and biochemical assessments. Biomolecules 10(9):1340. doi: 10.3390/biom10091340 PMID: 32962160

Objective: The authors use zebrafish to conduct a deeper analysis of the potential adverse effects of DPZ on the short-term memory and behaviors of normal zebrafish by performing multiple behavioral and biochemical assays.

Summary: Chronic waterborne exposure to donepezil (DPZ) can severely induce adverse effects on normal zebrafish in a dose-dependent manner.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• Cutuli D et al. Neuroprotective effects of donepezil against cholinergic depletion. Alzheimers Res Ther 5(5):50, 2013.

Liu X, Wang D, Wen Y, Zeng L, Li Y, Tao T, Zhao Z, Tao A (2020) Spinal GRPR and NPRA contribute to chronic itch in a murine model of allergic contact dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 140(9):1856-1866.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.01.016

Objective: The authors investigated the peripheral and spinal mechanisms responsible for prolonged itch in a mouse model of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) induced by squaric acid dibutylester (SADBE).

Summary: Targeting gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) and natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPRA) may provide effective treatments for ACD associated chronic pruritus.

Usage: A single dose of Bombesin-SAP (400 ng) and Blank-SAP (400 ng) or two doses of Nppb-SAP (BNP-SAP; 650 ng) and Blank-SAP (650 ng) were administered via intrathecal injection.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Bolshakov AP, Stepanichev MY, Dobryakova YV, Spivak, YS, Markevich, VA (2020) Saporin from Saponaria officinalis as a tool for experimental research, modeling, and therapy in neuroscience. Toxins (Basel) 12(9):546. doi: 10.3390/toxins12090546

Summary: A review of studies where saporin-based conjugates were used to analyze cell mechanisms of sleep, general anesthesia, epilepsy, pain, and development of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases.

Related Products: Targeted Toxins

Chew C, Sengelaub DR (2020) Exercise promotes recovery after motoneuron injury via hormonal mechanisms. Neural Regen Res 15(8):1373-1376. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.274323

Objective: To describe how exercise is neuroprotective for motoneurons, accelerating axon regeneration following axotomy and attenuating dendritic atrophy following the death of neighboring motoneurons.

Summary: Exercise offers a simple, low barrier-to-entry behavioral intervention which is neuroprotective and pro-regenerative following neural injury.

Usage: Motoneurons innervating the left vastus medialis muscle were selectively killed by intramuscular injection of CTB-SAP (2 μL, 0.1%).

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Lee SB, Ko A, Oh YT, Shi P, D’Angelo F, Frangaj B, Koller A, Chen EI, Cardozo T, Iavarone A, Lasorella A (2020) Proline hydroxylation primes protein kinases for autophosphorylation and activation. Mol Cell 79(3):376-389.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.06.021 PMID: 32640193

Objective: To investigate the formation of prolyl-hydroxylated intermediates as a novel mechanism of kinase maturation and a general mechanism of regulation of CMGC kinases in eukaryotes.

Summary: Identified a highly conserved proline in the kinase domain of CMGC kinases that is hydroxylated by the PHD1 prolyl-hydroxylase, and this event precedes tyrosine autophosphorylation.

Usage: Western blot

Related Products: Trans-4-Hydroxy-L-Proline Rabbit Polyclonal, Conjugated (Cat. #AB-T044)

Zhao L, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang L, Yu M, Wang F (2020) Vitamin C decreases VEGF expression levels via hypoxia‑inducible factor‑1α dependent and independent pathways in lens epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep 22(1):436-444. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11103 PMID: 32377733

Objective: To investigate the mechanisms underlying the effects of vitamin C on the expression levels of VEGF.

Summary: Vitamin C inhibits the cell proliferation and the expression levels of VEGF in lens epithelial cells following a co-treatment with the HIF-1 inhibitor.

Usage: Western blot (1:500)

Related Products: Trans-4-Hydroxy-L-Proline Rabbit Polyclonal, Conjugated (Cat. #AB-T044)

Knuplez E, Krier-Burris R, Cao Y, Marsche G, O’Sullivan J, Bochner BS (2020) Superior mouse eosinophil depletion in vivo targeting transgenic Siglec-8 instead of endogenous Siglec-F: Mechanisms and pitfalls. J Leukoc Biol 108:43-58. doi: 10.1002/jlb.3hi0120-381r

Objective: To determine if targeting Siglec-8 with mouse IgG1 antibodies, rather than targeting Siglec-F with rat IgG antibodies, in mice transgenic for Siglec-8, will prove to be a more effective strategy for eliminating mouse eosinophils in vivo.

Summary: This study is the first to describe a novel mouse strain of Siglec-8+F− eosinophils—a useful tool for studying human Siglec biology in preclinical models.

Usage: Siglec-8+F− mouse eosinophils were pretreated with 10 μg/mL saporin-conjugated isotype controls (mouse IgG1 or rat IgG2), anti-Siglec-8 (2C4) or anti-Siglec-F (9C7) antibodies for 24 h.

Related Products: Custom Conjugates

Kim M, Do GY, Kim I (2020) Activation of the renin-angiotensin system in high fructose-induced metabolic syndrome. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 24(4):319-328. doi: 10.4196/kjpp.2020.24.4.319 PMID: 32587126

Objective: To investigate the hypothesis that high fructose intake induces activation of the renin-angiotensin systems (RAS), resulting in hypertension and metabolic syndrome.

Summary: High fructose intake increased serum renin, Ang II, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels. High fructose intake increased the expression of angiotensinogen in the liver; angiotensin-converting enzyme in the lungs; and renin, angiotensin II type 1a receptor (AT1aR), and angiotensin II type 1b receptor (AT1bR) in the kidneys. High fructose intake induces activation of RAS, resulting in hypertension and metabolic syndrome.

Usage: Immunohistochemistry

Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-1R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N27AP)

Schneider J (2020) Integration of peripheral and central systems in control of ingestive and reproductive behavior. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience . Oxford University Press doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.013.23

Summary: Highly glucose-sensitive cells in the ventrolateral medulla send catecholaminergic projections to the PVH. These projections can be selectively destroyed by Anti-DBH-SAP “DSAP” experiments show that catecholaminergic projections from glucose-sensitive cells in the ventrolateral medulla are necessary for all responses to glucoprivation, including increases in epinephrine secretion, glucocorticoid secretion, sex behavior, and food intake.

See: Ritter S et al. Hindbrain glucoregulatory mechanisms: Critical role of catecholamine neurons in the ventrolateral medulla. Physiol Behav 208:112568, 2019.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Chen XJ, Sun YG (2020) Central circuit mechanisms of itch. Nat Commun 11:3052. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16859-5

Summary: The authors summarize the progress in elucidating the neural circuit mechanism of itch at spinal and supraspinal levels.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)