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Renal sympathoinhibition induced by hypernatremia: Involvement of A1 noradrenergic neurons.
Pedrino GR, Rosa DA, Korim WS, Cravo SL (2008) Renal sympathoinhibition induced by hypernatremia: Involvement of A1 noradrenergic neurons. Auton Neurosci 142(1-2):55-63. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2008.06.006
Summary: A1 noradrenergic neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) are thought to contribute to body fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular regulation. In order to examine the role these neurons play on inhibition of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) induced by hypertonic saline infusion, rats received 6.3 ng of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the CVLM. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Animals treated with anti-DBH-SAP displayed lengthened duration of the pressor response and sustained RSNA.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Noradrenergic inputs to the paraventricular hypothalamus contribute to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and central Fos activation in rats after acute systemic endotoxin exposure.
Bienkowski MS, Rinaman L (2008) Noradrenergic inputs to the paraventricular hypothalamus contribute to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and central Fos activation in rats after acute systemic endotoxin exposure. Neuroscience 156(4):1093-1102. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.011
Summary: Noradrenergic (NA) neurons in the central nervous system are activated during the immune response to systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The authors tested whether these neurons with axonal inputs to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were necessary for LPS-directed Fos expression and increase of plasma corticosterone. Rats received 44-ng bilateral injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the medial PVN then were challenged with i.p. LPS. Lesioned animals had attenuated Fos activation and smaller than normal increases in plasma corticosterone.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)
Effects of hypocretin (orexin) neuronal loss on sleep and extracellular adenosine levels in the rat basal forebrain.
Murillo-Rodriguez E, Liu M, Blanco-Centurion C, Shiromani PJ (2008) Effects of hypocretin (orexin) neuronal loss on sleep and extracellular adenosine levels in the rat basal forebrain. Eur J Neurosci 28(6):1191-1198. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06424.x
Summary: Adenosine levels in the basal forebrain are thought to regulate the waxing and waning of sleep drive. Rats received bilateral 100-ng injections of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) into the lateral hypothalamus – resulting in a 94% loss of orexin-containing neurons. Lesioned animals displayed several changes in sleep characteristics, but no increase of adenosine levels after sleep deprivation. The results indicate that sleep changes due to orexin-SAP lesioning occur independently of adenosine levels.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
Environmental enrichment provides a cognitive reserve to be spent in the case of brain lesion.
Mandolesi L, De Bartolo P, Foti F, Gelfo F, Federico F, Leggio MG, Petrosini L (2008) Environmental enrichment provides a cognitive reserve to be spent in the case of brain lesion. J Alzheimers Dis 15:11-28. doi: 10.3233/jad-2008-15102
Summary: The cognitive reserve model suggests individuals can develop resources that reduce the risk of later cognitive impairment. This theory was tested by raising rats in standard vs. enriched environments then lesioning the animals with 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01). A total of 0.8 µg of 192-IgG-SAP was administered in bilateral injections, followed by various behavioral tests. It was found that animals raised in an enriched environment had reduced cognitive impairment following forebrain lesions.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Lesions of medullary catecholaminergic neurons increase salt intake in rats.
Colombari DS, Pedrino GR, Freiria-Oliveira AH, Korim WS, Maurino IC, Cravo SL (2008) Lesions of medullary catecholaminergic neurons increase salt intake in rats. Brain Res Bull 76:572-578. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.04.001
Summary: Catecholaminergic neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) are thought to contribute to cardiovascular regulation and body fluid homeostasis. Bilateral 6.3-ng injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) were administered to the CVLM of rats. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. After lesioning and challenge with either furosemide/captopril or water deprivation, intake of 0.3 M NaCl and water were observed. The data indicate medullary catecholaminergic neurons play an inhibitory role in sodium appetite.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Vascular smooth cell proliferation in perfusion culture of porcine carotid arteries.
Liao D, Lin PH, Yao Q, Chen C (2008) Vascular smooth cell proliferation in perfusion culture of porcine carotid arteries. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 372(4):668-673. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.117
Summary: Basic fibroblast growth factor is highly effective in stimulating smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation. The authors used FGF-SAP (Cat. #IT-38) to help characterize a model of vascular SMC proliferation with porcine carotid arteries. Arteries isolated from pigs were cultured under several different conditions, one of which included FGF-SAP at a concentration of 0.4 nM. In all cases the arteries maintained viability for up to 96 hours. SMC proliferation was drastically reduced in the arteries treated with FGF-SAP. [Note, FGF-SAP is not ATS.]
Related Products: FGF-SAP (Cat. #IT-38)
Reduced cholinergic status in hippocampus produces spatial memory deficits when combined with kainic acid induced seizures.
Craig LA, Hong NS, Kopp J, McDonald RJ (2008) Reduced cholinergic status in hippocampus produces spatial memory deficits when combined with kainic acid induced seizures. Hippocampus 18(11):1112-1121. doi: 10.1002/hipo.20471
Summary: The loss of cholinergic neurons in the medial septum and seizures are both associated with Alzheimer’s disease. The authors investigated links between these factors using 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) and kainic acid. Rats received 0.15 µg of 192-IgG-SAP delivered to the medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca in four injections. Animals receiving both 192-IgG-SAP and kainic acid performed significantly worse in water maze tests than control animals, indicating that loss of cholinergic neurons and seizures interact in Alzheimer’s disease.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Neuromodulatory role of acetylcholine in visually-induced cortical activation: Behavioral and neuroanatomical correlates.
Dotigny F, Ben Amor AY, Burke M, Vaucher E (2008) Neuromodulatory role of acetylcholine in visually-induced cortical activation: Behavioral and neuroanatomical correlates. Neuroscience 154(4):1607-1618. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.04.030
Summary: Acetylcholine is thought to have a neuromodulatory role in visual processing. After rats were treated with 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01, 2 µl of 2.4 µg/µl into the lateral ventricle) visual acuity and performance in a visual water maze task were analyzed. Lesioned animals displayed no loss in acuity, but were less able to learn a new orientation discrimination task. These data suggest that the cholinergic system in the basal forebrain plays an important role in post-synaptic visual processing.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Noradrenergic innervation of the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex modulates hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal responses to acute emotional stress.
Radley JJ, Williams B, Sawchenko PE (2008) Noradrenergic innervation of the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex modulates hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal responses to acute emotional stress. J Neurosci 28:5806-5816. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0552-08.2008
Summary: Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to emotional stress are in part controlled by the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The locus ceruleus (LC) is also thought to be involved in this system, leading to the question of what interaction might exist between the mPFC and LC. Rats were injected with 90-120 nl of 0.475-µg/µl anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the cortical field containing noradrenergic neurons that project to the dorsal mPFC. The results indicate that the LC functions as an upstream component in mPFC modulation of HPA activation due to emotional stress.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)
Amygdala intercalated neurons are required for expression of fear extinction.
Likhtik E, Popa D, Apergis-Schoute J, Fidacaro GA, Pare D (2008) Amygdala intercalated neurons are required for expression of fear extinction. Nature 454(7204):642-645. doi: 10.1038/nature07167
Summary: Scientists have been using fear learning in animals to study human anxiety disorders. In order to investigate the contribution of amygdala plasticity to fear learning, rats received 0.25-µl bilateral infusions of 3-µM dermorphin-SAP (Cat. #IT-12) into the amygdala. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. Lesioned rats displayed extinction expression deficits, indicating that the eliminated intercalated amygdala neurons play a large role in the extinction process.
Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
Tomoregulin internalization confers selective cytotoxicity of immunotoxins on prostate cancer cells.
Zhao XY, Liu HL, Liu B, Willuda J, Siemeister G, Mahmoudi M, Dinter H (2008) Tomoregulin internalization confers selective cytotoxicity of immunotoxins on prostate cancer cells. Transl Oncol 1:102-109. doi: 10.1593/tlo.08124
Summary: Tomoregulin is a type 1 transmembrane protein with a short cytoplasmic tail, and is found in the brain and prostate. After confirming cell surface localization by flow cytometry, and determining expression levels by whole-cell binding assays, the authors evaluated the use of tomoregulin as a target for immunotoxin therapy. Cells transfected with tomoregulin were treated with anti-tomoregulin + Mab-ZAP (IC50 = 160 pM; Cat. #IT-04) in vitro. The results demonstrate the potential for tomoregulin in prostate cancer treatment.
Related Products: Mab-ZAP (Cat. #IT-04)
Unilateral ablation of preBotzinger Complex disrupts breathing during sleep but not wakefulness.
McKay LC, Feldman JL (2008) Unilateral ablation of preBotzinger Complex disrupts breathing during sleep but not wakefulness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178(1):89-95. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200712-1901OC
Summary: Previous data has shown that ablation of preBötzinger complex (preBötC) neurokinin 1 expressing (NK1R) neurons disrupts breathing patterns in both sleep and wakefulness. The initial disruption is during sleep, with the eventual onset of ataxic breathing while the animals are awake. Here rats received a unilateral injection of SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07, 6.7 ng) into the left preBötC. SP plus unconjugated saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Unilaterally treated rats did not develop disrupted breathing patterns during wakefulness.
Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
GDNF hyperalgesia is mediated by PLCgamma, MAPK/ERK, PI3K, CDK5 and Src family kinase signaling and dependent on the IB4-binding protein versican.
Bogen O, Joseph EK, Chen X, Levine JD (2008) GDNF hyperalgesia is mediated by PLCgamma, MAPK/ERK, PI3K, CDK5 and Src family kinase signaling and dependent on the IB4-binding protein versican. Eur J Neurosci 28:12-19. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06308.x
Summary: C-fiber nociceptors have been divided into NGF and GDNF classes. Here the authors examined the function of an isolectin B4-binding subpopulation of these nocicepetors. Rats received 40 ng of IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10) into the intrathecal space between the fifth and sixth lumbar vertebrae. The results demonstrate that GDNF sensitizes IB4+ C-fiber nociceptors and causes mechanical hyperalgesia.
Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10)
Environmental enrichment mitigates the effects of basal forebrain lesions on cognitive flexibility.
De Bartolo P, Leggio MG, Mandolesi L, Foti F, Gelfo F, Ferlazzo F, Petrosini L (2008) Environmental enrichment mitigates the effects of basal forebrain lesions on cognitive flexibility. Neuroscience 154(2):444-453. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.03.069
Summary: The basal forebrain cholinergic system is a crucial participant in various facets of learning and memory. This work examines whether environmental enrichment can reduce the effect of cholinergic lesions on learning and memory tasks. Rats received bilateral injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the cholinergic projection to the neocortex. Deficits caused by the lesion were attenuated in rats experiencing an enriched environment.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
IB4 afferent sprouting contributes to bladder dysfunction in spinal rats.
Zinck ND, Downie JW (2008) IB4 afferent sprouting contributes to bladder dysfunction in spinal rats. Exp Neurol 213:293-302. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.06.006
Summary: Spinal cord injury can cause inefficient bladder function, but the direct cause is not well understood. Most work has focused on afferent neurons that contain CGRP and respond to NGF. Here the authors investigate the role of isolectin B4 (IB4)-expressing neurons that are supported by GDNF. Rats received intrathecal injections of either 2.4 µg IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10) or 3 µg control saporin (Cat. #PR-01). The data suggest that IB4-afferent sprouting is involved in bladder dysfunction following spinal cord transection.
Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Selective lesion of retrotrapezoid Phox2b-expressing neurons raises the apneic threshold in rats.
Takakura AC, Moreira TS, Stornetta RL, West GH, Gwilt JM, Guyenet PG (2008) Selective lesion of retrotrapezoid Phox2b-expressing neurons raises the apneic threshold in rats. J Physiol 586:2975-2991. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.153163
Summary: It is thought that transcription factor Phox2b-expressing glutamatergic interneurons are involved in the activation of breathing by elevated CO2 in the central nervous system. This activation is otherwise known as the central chemoreflex. Injections of SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11) into the retrotrapezoid nucleus eliminated Phox2b+TH- neurons but spared other neuron classes. Several different amounts of the conjugate were used (0.15, 0.3, or 0.6 ng in 1 or 2 injections). Elimination of ≥70% of Phox2b+TH- neurons markedly attenuated the central chemoreflex.
Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)
Hyperphagia and obesity produced by arcuate injection of NPY-saporin do not require upregulation of lateral hypothalamic orexigenic peptide genes.
Li AJ, Dinh TT, Ritter S (2008) Hyperphagia and obesity produced by arcuate injection of NPY-saporin do not require upregulation of lateral hypothalamic orexigenic peptide genes. Peptides 29(10):1732-1739. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.05.026
Summary: It has already been shown that lesioning NPY receptor-expressing cells in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) and basomedial hypothalamus produces obesity in rats. The authors examined the contribution of orexigenic peptides, orexins, and melanocortin-concentrating hormone to the lesion effects. Rats received bilateral 24 ng injections of NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28) into the dorsal border of the Arc. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. The data suggest that obesity produced by NPY-SAP lesion is different than dietary obesity or obesity associated with leptin or leptin receptor deficiency.
Related Products: NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
Brainstem catecholaminergic neurons modulate both respiratory and cardiovascular function.
Li A, Emond L, Nattie E (2008) Brainstem catecholaminergic neurons modulate both respiratory and cardiovascular function. (eds. Poulin MJ, Wilson RJA). In: Integration in Respiratory Control. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 605:371-376. Springer, New York, NY. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-73693-8_65
Summary: The authors examined the role of brainstem catecholamine (CA) neurons in various aspects of breathing and chemoreception. Rats received 5-µg injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the 4th ventricle; mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as a control. This method of lesioning left the CA neurons in the peripheral nervous system intact. Lesioned animals displayed a constant decrease in breathing frequency, reduced response to CO2, and increased variability of breathing during REM sleep. Inhibitory cardiovascular effects were also seen.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)
The neonatal injury-induced spinal learning deficit in adult rats: central mechanisms.
Young EE, Baumbauer KM, Hillyer JE, Patterson AM, Hoy KC, Jr., Mintz EM, Joynes RL (2008) The neonatal injury-induced spinal learning deficit in adult rats: central mechanisms. Behav Neurosci 122:589-600. doi: 10.1037/0735-7044.122.3.589
Summary: This report examined whether neonatal injuries had any contralateral effects in adult life, and evaluated the role of the NK1 receptor of adult animals that had been subjected to neonatal trauma. Rats were injected with 5 µl of SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07, 30 ng/µl, 100 ng/µl, or 300 ng/µl) into the intrathecal space. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. The results indicate both that injury effects are isolated in the injured limb, and NK1 receptor-expressing cells are involved in processing this pain.
Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
Targeting CUB domain-containing protein 1 with a monoclonal antibody inhibits metastasis in a prostate cancer model.
Siva AC, Wild MA, Kirkland RE, Nolan MJ, Lin B, Maruyama T, Yantiri-Wernimont F, Frederickson S, Bowdish KS, Xin H (2008) Targeting CUB domain-containing protein 1 with a monoclonal antibody inhibits metastasis in a prostate cancer model. Cancer Res 68:3759-3766. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-1657
Summary: CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) is an antigen expressed on several metastatic cancers, as well as on CD34+ and CD133+ myeloid leukemic blast cells. After demonstrating in vitro activity of the monoclonal antibody 25A11 with Mab-ZAP (Cat. #IT-04) and Hum-ZAP (Cat. #IT-22) the authors had a custom conjugation of 25A11 and saporin made for testing in mice. Goat-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-19) was used as a control for in vivo experiments, and saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was the control in vitro. The direct conjugate significantly inhibited tumor growth as well as metastasis in vivo.
Related Products: Mab-ZAP (Cat. #IT-04), Hum-ZAP (Cat. #IT-22), Goat IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-19), Saporin (Cat #PR-01)