targeted-toxins

Kucinski A, Paolone G, Bradshaw M, Albin RL, Sarter M (2013) Modeling fall propensity in Parkinson’s disease: deficits in the attentional control of complex movements in rats with cortical-cholinergic and striatal-dopaminergic deafferentation. J Neurosci 33(42):16522-16539. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2545-13.2013

Summary: Parkinson’s disease produces a range of symptoms, some of which are unresponsive to therapies such as levodopa. These nonmotor symptoms include cognitive impairments and deficiencies in gait and balance. Here the authors develop a system to assess fall propensity in rats and examine the interaction between loss of cortical cholinergic and striatal dopaminergic afferents. Rats received 160-ng injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the nucleus basalis and substantia innominata of the basal forebrain. The results indicate that the dual lesions result in diminished striatal control of complex movement.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Wiater MF, Li AJ, Dinh TT, Jansen HT, Ritter S (2013) Leptin-sensitive neurons in the arcuate nucleus integrate activity and temperature circadian rhythms and anticipatory responses to food restriction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 305(8):R949-R960. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00032.2013

Summary: The arcuate nucleus (Arc) of the hypothalamus is known to participate in the regulation of feeding, adiposity, and leptin-dependent metabolism. The authors examined the role of leptin-receptive neurons in locomotor and temperature rhythms. Rats received four bilateral injections of Leptin-SAP (Cat. #IT-47) into the Arc; Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. The lesion affected learning connected to light cycles, but not learning connected to food schedules, suggesting a mechanism for internal desynchrony that might play a role in obesity and other metabolic disorders.

Related Products: Leptin-SAP (Cat. #IT-47), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Khasabov SG, Simone DA (2013) Loss of neurons in rostral ventromedial medulla that express neurokinin-1 receptors decreases the development of hyperalgesia. Neuroscience 250C:151-165. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.057

Summary: Previous data has indicated that neurokinin-1 receptors are located on ON cells in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM). ON cells are considered pronociceptive because noxious stimulation is stimulatory. In this work the authors eliminated ON cells using 0.3-μl injections of 1 μM SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11) into the left and right side of the RVM. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. SSP-SAP treatment did not change mechanical or heat withdrawal responses, or change morphine-induced analgesia. A significant reduction in the duration of nocifensive behaviors induced by various hyperalgesic stimulators indicated that these neurons are involved in pain facilitation rather than modulation.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Parent MJ, Cyr M, Aliaga A, Kostikov A, Schirrmacher E, Soucy JP, Mechawar N, Rosa-Neto P, Bedard MA (2013) Concordance between in vivo and postmortem measurements of cholinergic denervation in rats using PET with [18F]FEOBV and choline acetyltransferase immunochemistry. EJNMMI Res 3(1):70. doi: 10.1186/2191-219X-3-70

Summary: Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents have been developed for the quantitative evaluation of cholinergic systems in vivo, and in this work the authors examine the concordance between the in vivo use of PET and post-mortem analysis of cholinergic damage. Rats received unilateral 0.2-0.25 μg injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Animals were scanned using [18F]fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol, then sacrificed for cholineacetyltransferase immunohistochemistry. The results support the use of PET as an in vivo method for analyzing the loss of cholinergic neurons.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Baxter MG, Bucci DJ, Gorman LK, Wiley RG, Gallagher M (2013) Reprint: Selective immunotoxic lesions of basal forebrain cholinergic cells: Effects on learning and memory in rats. Behav Neurosci 127(5):619-627 . doi: 10.1037/a0033939

Summary: In this reprint of a 1995 article, 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) was used to separate the depletion of cortical cholineacetyltransferase and behavioral impairment – which had previously been linked by research using less specific lesioning methods. Since the original 1995 publication, hundreds of papers have been published using a variety of lesioning techniques and a wide range of ATS products.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• Baxter MG et al. Selective immunotoxic lesions of basal forebrain cholinergic cells: effects on learning and memory in rats. Behav Neurosci 109:714-722, 1995.

Baxter MG, Bucci DJ (2013) Selective immunotoxic lesions of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons: twenty years of research and new directions. Behav Neurosci 127(5):611-618 . doi: 10.1037/a0033781

Summary: This review covers twenty years of basal forebrain cholinergic lesioning. The initial use of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) is discussed, as well as other immunotoxins such as GAT-1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32) and OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02). The findings generated by the use of 192-IgG-SAP and how those data have helped forward the understanding of how the cholinergic system functions in the basal forebrain are detailed. The authors also discuss new directions in the field.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02), GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32)

Ferrini F, De Koninck Y (2013) Featured Article: Role of spinal microglia in the development of morphine-induced hyperalgesia. Targeting Trends 14(4)

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP rat (Cat. #IT-33), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

See Also:

• Ferrini F et al. Morphine hyperalgesia gated through microglia-mediated disruption of neuronal Cl(-) homeostasis. Nat Neurosci 16(2):183-192, 2013.

Li AJ, Wang Q, Dinh TT, Wiater MF, Eskelsen AK, Ritter S (2013) Hindbrain catecholamine neurons control rapid switching of metabolic substrate use during glucoprivation in male rats. Endocrinology 154(12):4570-4579. doi: 10.1210/en.2013-1589

Summary: Previous work has shown that corticosterone secretion in response to glucoprivation is at least in part controlled by hindbrain catecholamine neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). In this work the authors investigate the metabolic consequences of lesioning these neurons. Rats received bilateral 82-ng infusions of Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the PVH. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Although lesioned animals had the same energy expenditure and locomotor activity as controls, they also had a higher respiratory exchange ratio, indicating a reduced ability to switch from carbohydrate to fat metabolism in response to glucoprivation.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Bitzenhofer SH, Hanganu-Opatz IL (2014) Oscillatory coupling within neonatal prefrontal-hippocampal networks is independent of selective removal of GABAergic neurons in the hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 77:57-67. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.09.007 PMID: 24056266

Summary: During cognitive tasks neuronal networks are entrained by oscillatory electrical rhythms with different frequencies. It has been proposed that GABAergic neurons in the prefrontal-hippocampal networks control this processing. The authors administered 252 ng of Anti-vGAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-71) into the ventral hippocampus of rats to examine how the GABAergic neurons could be involved. Unconjugated anti-vGAT (Cat #AB-N44) was used as a control. Hippocampal sharp waves were impaired during neonatal development, but the data indicate that oscillatory coupling between the neonatal prefrontal cortex and hippocampus is not controlled by GABAergic hippocampal interneurons.

Related Products: Anti-vGAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-71), vGAT Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N44)

Gulino R, Gulisano M (2013) Noggin and Sonic hedgehog are involved in compensatory changes within the motoneuron-depleted mouse spinal cord. J Neurol Sci 332(1-2):102-109. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.06.029

Summary: Noggin (NOG) and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) are both involved in the generation and organization of neural tissues. In order to clarify the role of these two proteins in the regulation of neurogenesis and/or neuroplasticity the authors used a motoneuron depletion model in the mouse spinal cord. 3 μg of CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14) was injected into each of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles and the expression of NOG and Shh were monitored. Motor performance also correlated with NOG and Shh levels, indicating that these proteins could play roles in regeneration and functional restoration.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)