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Removal of p75 neurotrophin receptor expression from cholinergic basal forebrain neurons reduces amyloid-β plaque deposition and cognitive impairment in aged APP/PS1 mice.
Qian L, Milne MR, Shepheard S, Rogers ML, Medeiros R, Coulson EJ (2019) Removal of p75 neurotrophin receptor expression from cholinergic basal forebrain neurons reduces amyloid-β plaque deposition and cognitive impairment in aged APP/PS1 mice. Mol Neurobiol 56(7):4639-4652. doi: 10.1007/s12035-018-1404-2
Objective: To investigate the contribution of CBF neuronal p75NTR to the progression of Alzheimer’s Disease
Summary: Data indicate that a direct interaction between CBF-expressed p75NTR and Aβ does not contribute significantly to the regulation of Aβ load.
Usage: To lesion CBF neurons, a single infusion of mu p75-SAP or control Rabbit IgG-SAP (0.4 mg/ml) was stereotaxically-injected into the basal forebrain.
Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)
DSCAM promotes self-avoidance in the developing mouse retina by masking the functions of cadherin superfamily members
Garrett AM, Khalil A, Walton DO, Burgess RW (2018) DSCAM promotes self-avoidance in the developing mouse retina by masking the functions of cadherin superfamily members. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115:E10216-E10224. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1809430115
Summary: Focus on DSCAM (Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule 1) self-avoidance function in the mouse retina. DSCAM and members of the cadherin superfamily have also emerged as key contributors to a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disease, Down syndrome and intellectual disability.
Related Products: Melanopsin-SAP (Cat. #IT-44)
A neural circuit for gut-induced reward
Han W, Tellez LA, Perkins MH, Perez IO, Qu T, Ferreira J, Ferreira TL, Quinn D, Liu Z-W, Gao X-B, Kaelberer MM, Bohórquez DV, Shammah-Lagnado SJ, de Lartigue G, de Araujo IE (2018) A neural circuit for gut-induced reward. Cell 175:665-678. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.049
Objective: To determine relevant gut-brain neuronal circuitry to motivational and emotional states.
Summary: There is a critical role for the vagal gut-to-brain axis in motivation and reward.
Usage: Injected 0.5 µl of CCK-SAP (250 ng/µl) into the R-NG of VGlut2-ires-Cre mice.
Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31)
Reduced microglial activity and enhanced glutamate transmission in the basolateral amygdala in early CNS autoimmunity
Acharjee S, Verbeek M, Gomez CD, Bisht K, Lee B, Benoit L, Sharkey KA, Benediktsson A, Tremblay M-E, Pittman QJ (2018) Reduced microglial activity and enhanced glutamate transmission in the basolateral amygdala in early CNS autoimmunity. J Neurosci 38:9019-9033. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0398-18.2018
Objective: To identify CNS changes associated with behaviors in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.
Summary: The data from this study reveal increased synaptic activity and spine density in early stages of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (an animal model of MS) in the basolateral amygdala.
Usage: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human or Rat-IgG-SAP (control) was injected unilaterally in the BLA (1 ug/1 ul).
Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06), Rat IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-17)
Hypoglossal motor neuron death via intralingual CTB-saporin (CTB-SAP) injections mimic aspects of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) related to dysphagia
Lind LA, Murphy ER, Lever TE, Nichols NL (2018) Hypoglossal motor neuron death via intralingual CTB-saporin (CTB-SAP) injections mimic aspects of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) related to dysphagia. Neuroscience 390:303-316. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.08.026
Objective: Despite its fundamental importance, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) and strategies to preserve swallowing function have seldom been studied in ALS models.
Summary: The authors report a novel experimental model using intralingual injections of cholera toxin B conjugated to saporin (CTB-SAP) to study the impact of only hypoglossal motor neuron death without the many complications that are present in ALS models.
Usage: Hypoglossal motor neuron survival, swallowing function, and hypoglossal motor output were assessed in Sprague Dawley rats after intralingual injection of either CTB-SAP (25 ug) or unconjugated CTB and SAP (controls) into the genioglossus muscle.
Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)
Lacrimal gland denervation alters tear protein composition and impairs ipsilateral eye closures and corneal nociception
Hegarty DM, David LL, Aicher SA (2018) Lacrimal gland denervation alters tear protein composition and impairs ipsilateral eye closures and corneal nociception. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 59:5217-5224. doi: 10.1167/iovs.18-25267
Objective: To evaluate spontaneous and evoked ocular sensory responses in rats after denervation of the lacrimal gland, as well as protein changes in tears that may mediate functional changes.
Summary: Denervation of the lacrimal gland causes long-lasting hypoalgesia, impairs the blink response, and alters tear proteins.
Usage: 192-IgG-SAP (5 μL, 0.5 μg/μL) was microinjected into the left extraorbital lacrimal gland. In a separate group, 192-IgG-SAP was applied directly and unilaterally to the corneal surface.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Neuropharmacology of attention
Burk JA, Blumenthal SA, Maness EB (2018) Neuropharmacology of attention. Eur J Pharmacol 835:162-168. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.08.008
Objective: This review focuses on the knowledge gained about neurotransmitter systems with respect to attentional processing, with emphasis on the functions mediated within the medial prefrontal cortex.
Summary: Future research needs to facilitate a better comprehension of the neural circuitry engaged by different subcategories of attention. Such information will be useful in allowing for more targeted treatments for conditions characterized by attentional deficits.
Usage: Several citations using 192-IgG-SAP;. The specific role of ACh in attentional function can be examined with lesions to cholinergic inputs to the mPFC, using the immunotoxin 192 immunoglobulin G (IgG) saporin. Increases in mPFC ACh efflux related to attention are no longer present following cholinergic lesions. These cholinergic lesions lead to severe deficits in performance on both sustained attention and 5CSRTT-related tasks.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Cross-talk between distinct receptors shapes itch behavior in the spinal cord.
Meng QT, Liu XY, Liu XT, Barry DM, Jin H, Yang Q, Sun Y, Wan L, Jin JH, Munanairi A, Kim R, Yin J, Tao A, Chen ZF (2018) Cross-talk between distinct receptors shapes itch behavior in the spinal cord. Neuron doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3249822
Summary: Consistently, Nppb-SAP ablated spinal Npr1 and Npr3 neurons and impaired histamine-, but not CQ-evoked, itch. Thus, the findings identify the role of BNP-NPRC signaling in modulation of histamine-evoked itch via NPRC-NMBR cross-talk independent of GRP-GRPR signaling. Our studies reveal distinct modes of action for bombesin-related peptides and NP in itch transmission.
Related Products: Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69)
Substance P and neurotensin in the limbic system: Their roles in reinforcement and memory consolidation.
Lénárd L, László K, Kertes E, Ollmann T, Péczely L, Kovács A, Kállai V, Zagorácz O, Gálosi R, Karádi Z (2018) Substance P and neurotensin in the limbic system: Their roles in reinforcement and memory consolidation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 85:1-20. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.003
Summary: A specific neurotoxin, SSP-SAP can cause selective ablation of NK1 receptor expressing cells. This lesion in the BLA of rats resulted in anxiogenic effect, while in the CeA had no effect in EPM test.
Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)
Molecular, cellular and circuit basis of cholinergic modulation of pain
Naser PV, Kuner R (2018) Molecular, cellular and circuit basis of cholinergic modulation of pain. Neuroscience 387:135-148. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.049
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)