targeted-toxins

Abudukeyoumu N, Garcia-Munoz M, Nakano Y, Arbuthnott GW (2018) Featured Article: Impaired reach-to-grasp responses in mice depleted of striatal cholinergic interneurons. Targeting Trends 19

Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

See Also:

• Abudukeyoumu N et al. Impaired reach-to-grasp responses in mice depleted of striatal cholinergic interneurons. Neuroscience 2018 Abstracts 491.01 / MM13, 2018. Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, CA

Sajjadi E, Seven YB, Simon AK, Zwick A, Satriotomo I, Mitchell GS (2019) Adenosine 2A receptor inhibition promotes neuroprotection following toxic insult to phrenic motor neurons. FASEB J 33(1):844.3. Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting Abstracts doi: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.844.3

Objective: The authors explored the role of A2A receptors in phrenic motor neuron cell death in vivo.

Summary: A2A receptors, which contribute to motor neuron death during toxic insults, are upregulated in spared phrenic motor neurons of CTB-SAP treated rats. This is an important finding since A2A receptor upregulation may accelerate motor neuron death in neurodegenerative diseases like ALS.

Usage: CTB-SAP selectively killed nearly all phrenic motor neurons within a week and caused diaphragm paralysis (p<0.01).

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Krajewski-Hall SJ, Miranda Dos Santos F, McMullen NT, Blackmore EM, Rance NE (2019) Glutamatergic neurokinin 3 receptor neurons in the median preoptic nucleus modulate heat-defense pathways in female mice. Endocrinology 160(4):803-816. doi: 10.1210/en.2018-00934

Objective: To characterize the thermoregulatory role of MnPO NK3R neurons in female mice.

Summary: Study suggests that KNDy neurons modulate thermosensory pathways for heat defense indirectly via a subpopulation of glutamatergic MnPO neurons that express NK3R.

Usage: Mice were bilaterally injected with 10 ng NK3-SAP in 100 nL PBS (n = 14) or blank-SAP (n = 8) in the preoptic area adjacent to the MnPO.

Related Products: NKB-SAP (Cat. #IT-63), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Souza G, Stornetta R, Stornetta D, Abbott S, Guyenet P (2019) Contribution of retrotrapezoid nucleus and carotid bodies to asphyxia‐induced arousal in rats. FASEB J 33(1):733.6. Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting Abstracts doi: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.733.6

Objective: To determine whether the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) is implicated in CO2-induced arousal.

Summary: The authors confirm the importance of the CBs to hypoxia-induced arousal and demonstrate that arousal to hypercapnia is selectively reduced after RTN lesion.

Usage: RTN was nearly completely destroyed with microinjections of SSP-SAP (2.4 ng).

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

Toledo C, Andrade DC, Del Rio R (2019) Brainstem pre-sympathetic neurons contribute to irregular breathing patterns in volume overload heart failure. FASEB J 33(1):lb630. Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting Abstracts doi: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.lb630

Objective: To investigate the contribution of RVLM-C1 neurons on breathing disorders in chronic heart failure (CHF).

Summary: RVLM-C1 neurons play a critical role in the maintenance of altered breathing patterns in CHF rats and highlighted their contribution to the worsening of cardiac function during central chemoreflex activation. DBH-SAP treatment decreased active expiration in CHF rats and deleterious effects of central chemoreflex activation on diastolic cardiac function and cardiac autonomic control were blunted.

Usage: Stereotaxic bilateral injections of Anti-DBH-SAP (5 ng/150 nl).

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Borkowski LF, Nichols NL (2019) A2A and 5‐HT receptors are differentially required for respiratory plasticity over the course of motor neuron loss in intrapleurally CTB-SAP treated rats. FASEB J 33(1):843.3. Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting Abstracts doi: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.843.3

Objective: To investigate the role of serotonin (5-HT) and adenosine 2A (A2A) receptors in respiratory plasticity.

Summary: A2A receptors are necessary for respiratory plasticity early (7d), but 5-HT receptors are required late (28d).

Usage: Bilateral, intrapleural injections of: 1) CTB-SAP (25 μg), or 2) un-conjugated CTB and SAP (control) in rats.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Gulino R, Vicario N, Giunta MAS, Spoto G, Calabrese G, Vecchio M, Gulisano M, Leanza G, Parenti R (2019) Neuromuscular plasticity in a mouse neurotoxic model of spinal motoneuronal loss. Int J Mol Sci 20(6):1500. doi: 10.3390/ijms20061500

Objective: To use a neurotoxic model of spinal motoneuron depletion, induced by injection of CTB-SAP, to investigate the possible occurrence of compensatory changes in both the muscle and spinal cord.

Summary: Plastic changes in surviving motoneurons produce a functional restoration probably similar to the compensatory changes occurring in disease. These changes could be driven by glutamatergic signaling; astrocytes contacting surviving motoneurons may support this process.

Usage: Mice received 2 injections of CTB-SAP (3 mcg CTB-Sap in 2 mcL PBS) into the medial and lateral left gastrocnemius muscle.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Eidson LN, Murphy AZ (2019) Inflammatory mediators of opioid tolerance: Implications for dependency and addiction. Peptides 115:51-58. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.01.003

Objective: To determine what mediates opioid tolerance and alterations in glutamate homeostasis.

Summary: Site-specific lesions of PAG MOR-containing neurons using Dermorphin-SAP significantly reduce the antinociceptive effects of systemic morphine suggesting that PAG MOR is critical for morphine action.

Usage: Rats were injected with 3 pmol of Dermorphin-SAP (Cat. #IT-12) into the PAG. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control.

See: Loyd DR et al. Sex differences in micro-opioid receptor expression in the rat midbrain periaqueductal gray are essential for eliciting sex differences in morphine analgesia. J Neurosci 28:14007-14017, 2008.

Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Pawluski JL, Li M, Lonstein JS (2019) Serotonin and motherhood: From molecules to mood. Front Neuroendocrinol 53:100742. doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.03.001

Summary: Serotonin may affect how mothers perceive or behaviorally readjust to changes in the sensory cues emitted by their offspring as they age. The DR serotonin-lesioned mothers studied by Holschbach and colleagues (2018) were much less maternally aggressive, which was concomitant with reduced serotonin-immunoreactive fiber density in the anterior hypothalamus, a brain site previously implicated in serotonin’s influence on aggressive behaviors in male animals.

See: Holschbach MA et al. Serotonin-specific lesions of the dorsal raphe disrupt maternal aggression and caregiving in postpartum rats. Behav Brain Res 348:53-64, 2018.

Related Products: Anti-SERT-SAP (Cat. #IT-23)

Dobryakova YV, Volobueva MN, Manolova AO, Medvedeva TM, Kvichansky AA, Gulyaeva NV, Markevich VA, Stepanichev MY, Bolshakov AP (2019) Cholinergic deficit induced by central administration of 192IgG-Saporin is associated with activation of microglia and cell loss in the dorsal hippocampus of rats. Front Neurosci 13:146. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00146

Objective: To study the histopathology of the hippocampus and the responses of microglia and astrocytes using immunohistochemistry and neuroglial gene expression.

Summary: Cholinergic degeneration in the medial septal area induced by intracerebroventricular administration of 192IgG-saporin results in an increase in the number of microglial cells and neuron degeneration in the dorsal hippocampus.

Usage: 192-IgG-SAP was injected bilaterally into both ventricles (i.c.v.) at a dose of 4 μg/site.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)