targeted-toxins

Araldi D, Bogen O, Green PG, Levine JD (2019) Role of nociceptor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in opioid-induced hyperalgesia and hyperalgesic priming. J Neurosci 39(33):6414-6424. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0966-19.2019

Objective: To evaluate the hypothesis that hyperalgesia and priming induced by opioids are mediated by similar nociceptor mechanisms.

Summary: Treatment with isolectin B4 (IB4)-saporin or SSP-saporin (which deplete IB4! and peptidergic nociceptors, respectively), or their combination, prevented systemic LDM-induced hyperalgesia, but not priming. HDM-induced priming, but not analgesia, was markedly attenuated in both saporin-treated groups.

Usage: IB4-SAP was diluted in saline and a dose of 3.2 μg in a volume of 20 μl administered intrathecally. SSP-SAP was diluted in saline and a dose of 100 ng in a volume of 20 μl was administered intrathecally.

Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

Maejima Y, Yokota S, Horita S, Shimomura K (2019) The undeveloped properties of GABA neurons in the ventral tegmental area promote energy intake for growth in juvenile rats. Sci Rep 9(1):11848. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48336-5

Objective: To determine the underlying mechanisms that induce high energy intake (EI) per body weight (BW).

Summary: Undeveloped properties of VTA GABA neurons in juvenile rats can promote higher EI regardless of high or less palatable feeding, and contribute to growth promotion.

Usage: GAT1-SAP or control, Rabbit IgG-SAP, was bilaterally injected (0.025 μg/0.5 μl) into the VTA in eight-week-old adult rats.

Related Products: GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)

Sakata D, Uruno T, Matsubara K, Andoh T, Yamamura K, Magoshi Y, Kunimura K, Kamikaseda Y, Furue M, Fukui Y (2019) Selective role of neurokinin B in IL-31–induced itch response in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 144(4):1130-1133. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.06.031

Objective: To examine the physiological significance of neurokinin B in IL-31–induced itch sensation.

Summary: IL-31–induced scratching was unaffected by intrathecal injection of Nppb-SAP. In contrast,treatment with Bombesin-SAP reduced IL-31–induced scratching. Neurokinin B acts upstream of GRP to transmit IL-31–induced itch sensation.

Usage: Intrathecal injection

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21), NKB-SAP (Cat. #IT-63)

Marvizon JC, Chen W, Fu W, Taylor BK (2019) Neuropeptide Y release in the rat spinal cord measured with Y1 receptor internalization is increased after nerve injury. Neuropharmacology 158:107732. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107732

Summary: NPY is released from dorsal horn interneurons or primary afferent terminals by electrical stimulation and by activation of TRPV1, PKA or NMDA receptors in. Release evoked by noxious and tactile stimuli increases after peripheral nerve injury. Ablation of Y1-expressing dorsal horn neurons with NPY-saporin produced antinociception (Lemons and Wiley) and reduced mechanical and cold hypersensitivity in the spared nerve injury model (Nelson et al.), suggesting that they are pro-nociceptive neurons.

Related Products: NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28)

See Also:

• Lemons LL et al. Galanin receptor-expressing dorsal horn neurons: role in nociception. Neuropeptides 45(6):377-383, 2011.
• Nelson TS et al. Facilitation of neuropathic pain by the NPY Y1 receptor-expressing subpopulation of excitatory interneurons in the dorsal horn. Sci Rep 9(1):7248, 2019.

Murtazina AR, Nikishina YO, Dil’mukhametova LK, Sapronova AY, Ugrumov MV (2019) The role of the brain in the regulation of peripheral noradrenaline-producing organs in rats during morphogenesis. Dokl Biochem Biophys 486(1):243-246. doi: 10.1134/S1607672919030207

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Masmudi‐Martin M, Navarro‐Lobato I, López‐Aranda MF, Delgado G, Martín‐Montañez E, Quiros‐Ortega ME, Carretero‐Rey M, Narváez L, Garcia‐Garrido MF, Posadas S, López‐Téllez JF, Blanco E, Jiménez‐Recuerda I, Granados‐Durán P, Paez‐Rueda J, López JC and Khan ZU (2019) RGS14414 treatment induces memory enhancement and rescues episodic memory deficits. FASEB J 33:11804-11820. doi: 10.1096/fj.201900429RR

Objective: To investigate the effect of the promotion of neuronal arborization through the expression of the regulator of G-protein signaling 14 of 414 amino acids (RGS14414).

Summary: In addition to showing the potential of RGS14414 for rescuing memory deficits, our results suggest that a boost in circuit activity could facilitate memory enhancement and the reversal of memory deficits.

Usage: 0.9 mg in 1 ml was injected into the PRh.

Related Products: OX7-SAP (Cat. IT-02)

Fu R, Han C-F, Ni T, Di L, Liu L-J, Lv W-C, Bi Y-R, Jiang N, He Y, Li H-M, Wang S, Xie H, Chen B-A, Wang X-S, Weiss SJ, Lu T, Guo Q-L, Wu Z-Q (2019) A ZEB1/p53 signaling axis in stromal fibroblasts promotes mammary epithelial tumours. Nat Commun 10(1):3210. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11278-7 PMID: 31324807

Usage: immunohistochemistry (1:100)

Related Products: Fibroblast Growth Factor Rabbit Polyclonal, mammalian (Cat. #AB-07)

Acton D, Ren X, DiCostanzo S, Dalet A, Bourane S, Bertocchi I, Eva C, Goulding M (2019) Spinal neuropeptide Y1 receptor-expressing neurons form an essential excitatory pathway for mechanical itch. Cell Reports 28(3):625-639.e6 . doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.033

Objective: To determine the central pathway for mechanical itch.

Summary: NPY-Y1 signaling regulates the transmission of innocuous tactile information by establishing biologically relevant thresholds for touch discrimination and mechanical itch reflexes. Neither the evoked nor spontaneous scratching seen following activation of Y1Cre neurons was affected by ablation of the GRPR+ neurons. NK1R+ neuron ablation failed to modulate mechanically evoked itch.

Usage: P28 mice were given a single intrathecal (i.t.) injection of either Bombesin-SAP (400 ng in 5 mL 0.9% sterile saline) to ablate GRPR+ cells or SSP-SAP to ablate NK1r+ neurons (100 ng in 5 mL 0.9% sterile saline). Littermate controls received Blank-SAP (equal mass in 5 mL 0.9% sterile saline).

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Chew C, Sengelaub DR (2019) Neuroprotective effects of exercise on the morphology of somatic motoneurons following the death of neighboring motoneurons. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 33(8):656-667. doi: 10.1177/1545968319860485

Objective: To explore whether exercise shows the same neuroprotective effect on induced dendritic atrophy as that seen with androgen treatment.

Summary: Exercise following neural injury exerts a protective effect on motoneuron dendrites comparable to that seen with exogenous androgen treatment.

Usage: Motoneurons innervating the left vastus medialis muscle were selectively killed by intramuscular injection of CTB-SAP (2 μL, 0.1%). Saporin injection reduced the weight of the vastus medialis muscle; exercise had no effect on muscle weight.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Nizari S, Carare RO, Romero IA, Hawkes CA (2019) 3D reconstruction of the neurovascular unit reveals differential loss of cholinergic innervation in the cortex and hippocampus of the adult mouse brain. Front Aging Neurosci 11:172. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00172

Objective: To further characterize the effect of the loss of cholinergic innervation on the NVU (neurovascular unit) in Alzheimer’s Disease.

Summary: Significantly less ChAT staining was detected in the medial septum of saporin-treated mice at 45 days post-surgery. This was accompanied by a significant decrease in cholinergic nerve fiber density in the hippocampus and the cortex. As expected, p75 NTR-negative neurons in the striatum were not affected by mu p75-SAP treatment.

Usage: In this study, the mu-p75-SAP was used to induce death of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and their fiber projections. mu p75-SAP 0.5 µL (0.596 µg/µL) or 0.9% saline (n = 19) was injected into each ventricle.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)