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Exploration of sensory and spinal neurons expressing gastrin-releasing peptide in itch and pain related behaviors.
Barry DM, Liu XT, Liu B, Liu XY, Gao F, Zeng X, Liu J, Yang Q, Wilhelm S, Yin J, Tao A, Chen ZF (2020) Exploration of sensory and spinal neurons expressing gastrin-releasing peptide in itch and pain related behaviors. Nat Commun 11(1):1397. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15230-y
Objective: To determine the role of GRP in sensory neurons.
Summary: GRP is a neuropeptide in sensory neurons for nonhistaminergic itch, and GRP sensory neurons are dedicated to itch transmission.
Usage: Bombesin-SAP (200 ng/5 μL, i.t.) was injected 2 weeks prior to optical stimulation.
Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40)
Using loss- and gain-of-function approaches to target amygdala-projecting serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus that enhance anxiety-related and conditioned fear behaviors.
Bernabe CS, Caliman IF, Truitt WA, Molosh AI, Lowry CA, Hay-Schmidt A, Shekhar A, Johnson PL (2020) Using loss- and gain-of-function approaches to target amygdala-projecting serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus that enhance anxiety-related and conditioned fear behaviors. J Psychopharmacol 34(4):400-411. doi: 10.1177/0269881119900981
Objective: To investigate the role of amygdala-projecting 5-HT neurons in the DR in innate anxiety and conditioned fear behaviors.
Summary: The studies support the hypothesis that amygdala-projecting 5-HT neurons in the DR represent an anxiety and fear-on network.
Usage: Each rat received two bilateral microinjections per site (100 nL each, 1 μM in artificial cerebrospinal fluid) of either Anti-SERT-SAP or the control Mouse IgG-SAP.
Related Products: Anti-SERT-SAP (Cat. #IT-23), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)
Inflammatory macrophages facilitate mechanical stress-induced osteogenesis.
Zhang F, Huan L, Xu T, Li G, Zheng B, Zhao H, Guo Y, Shi J, Sun J, Chen A (2020) Inflammatory macrophages facilitate mechanical stress-induced osteogenesis. Aging (Albany NY) 12(4):3617-3625. doi: 10.18632/aging.102833
Summary: In a mouse model of distraction osteogenesis (DO), there was significant increase in macrophages in the regeneration area. This suggests that targeting inflammatory macrophages may help to improve clinical bone repair.
Usage: For saporin-mediated depletion of macrophages, DO-surgery-treated mice received an intraventricular (iv) injection of either Mac-1-SAP or Rat IgG-SAP (20µg) once every 3 days.
Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06), Rat IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-17)
Intervening B-type natriuretic peptide signaling for controlling chronic itch.
Meng J, Chen W, Wang J (2020) Intervening B-type natriuretic peptide signaling for controlling chronic itch. Brit J Pharmacol 177(5):1025-1040. doi: 10.1111/bph.14952
Objective: Review of recent findings used to examine the role of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in itch transduction and the modulation of other pururitic proteins.
Summary: Mice treated with Nppb-SAP ablated 70% of the BNP receptor-positive neurons in the spinal cord.
Related Products: Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69)
See Also:
More than scratching the surface: recent progress in brain mechanisms underlying itch and scratch.
Liu X, Miao XH, Liu T (2020) More than scratching the surface: recent progress in brain mechanisms underlying itch and scratch. Neurosci Bull 36(1):85-88. doi: 10.1007/s12264-019-00352-1
Summary: The discovery of descending neural circuitry to drive the itch-scratching cycle may provide potential therapeutic targets in the central nervous system for the management of chronic itch.
Usage: To ablate the spinal GRPR+ neurons, mice were intrathecally injected with Bombesin-SAP or Blank-SAP (400 ng/5 mL).
Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40)
Adenosine 2A receptor inhibition protects phrenic motor neurons from cell death induced by protein synthesis inhibition.
Seven YB, Simon AK, Sajjadi E, Zwick A, Satriotomo I, Mitchell GS (2020) Adenosine 2A receptor inhibition protects phrenic motor neurons from cell death induced by protein synthesis inhibition. Exp Neurol 323:113067. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113067
Objective: To test the hypothesis that A2A receptor antagonism promotes phrenic motor neuron survival and preserves diaphragm function when faced with toxic, neurodegenerative insults that lead to phrenic motor neuron death.
Summary: The authors utilized a novel neurotoxic model of respiratory motor neuron death using intrapleural injections of CTB-SAP. A2A receptors contribute to neurotoxic phrenic motor neuron death, an effect mitigated by A2A receptor antagonism.
Usage: Intrapleural administration of CTB-SAP (25 μg per side) causes: 1) profound phrenic motor neuron death (~5% survival); 2) ~7-fold increase in phrenic motor neuron A2A receptor expression prior to cell death; and 3) diaphragm muscle paralysis (inactive in most rats; ~7% residual diaphragm EMG amplitude during room air breathing).
Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)
An age- and sex-dependent role of catecholaminergic neurons in the control of breathing and hypoxic chemoreflex during postnatal development.
Patrone LGA, Capalbo AC, Marques DA, Bícego KC, Gargaglioni LH (2020) An age- and sex-dependent role of catecholaminergic neurons in the control of breathing and hypoxic chemoreflex during postnatal development. Brain Res 1726:146508. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146508
Objective: To discover the role of brainstem catecholaminergic (CA) neurons in the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR).
Summary: Brainstem CA neurons modulate the HVR during the postnatal phase, and possibly thermoregulation during hypoxia.
Usage: Evaluation of brainstem CA neurons in the HVR during postnatal development in male and female rats through specific cell depletion with Anti-DBH-SAP (420 ng/nL) injected in the fourth ventricle.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)
Episodic stimulation of central chemoreceptor neurons elicits disordered breathing and autonomic dysfunction in volume overload heart failure.
Díaz HS, Andrade DC, Toledo C, Pereyra KV, Schwarz KG, Díaz-Jara E, Lucero C, Arce-Álvarez A, Schultz HD, Silva JN, Takakura AC, Moreira TS, Marcus NJ, Del Rio R (2020) Episodic stimulation of central chemoreceptor neurons elicits disordered breathing and autonomic dysfunction in volume overload heart failure. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 318(1):L27-L40. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00007.2019
Objective: To determine the role of the central chemoreflex in the development of respiratory and autonomic dysfunction in volume overload heart failure (HF).
Summary: Episodic hypercapnic stimulation triggers ventilatory plasticity and elicits cardiorespiratory abnormalities in HF that are largely dependent on retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) chemoreceptor neurons.
Usage: Bilateral injections of SSP-SAP, 0.6 ng/30 nL, into the RTN were administered to destroy chemoreceptor neurons.
Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)
Focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening improves adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive function in a cholinergic degeneration dementia rat model.
Shin J, Kong C, Lee J, Choi BY, Sim J, Koh CS, Park M, Na YC, Suh SW, Chang WS, Chang JW (2019) Focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening improves adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive function in a cholinergic degeneration dementia rat model. Alzheimers Res Ther 11(1):110. doi: 10.1186/s13195-019-0569-x
Objective: To investigate the decrease of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
Summary: This work studied the effect of FUS on AHN in a cholinergic degeneration rat model of dementia.
Usage: 192-IgG-SAP was injected bilaterally into the lateral ventricle (4 μl at a concentration of 0.63 μg/μl at a rate of 1 μl/min).
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Chlorotoxin conjugated with saporin reduces viability of ML-1 thyroid cancer cells in vitro.
Rizvanovic H, Pinheiro AD, Kim K, Thomas J (2019) Chlorotoxin conjugated with saporin reduces viability of ML-1 thyroid cancer cells in vitro. bioRxiv 885483. doi: 10.1101/2019.12.20.885483
Objective: To determine whether Chlorotoxin-conjugated Saporin (CTX-SAP) would inhibit the growth of aggressive thyroid cancer cell lines expressing MMP-2.
Summary: This in vitro study demonstrated the efficacy of a CTX-SAP conjugate in reducing the viability of ML-1 thyroid cancer cells in a dose dependent manner.
Usage: There was a statistically significant reduction in cell viability with increasing concentrations of the CTX-SAP conjugate (biotinylated Chlorotoxin mixed with Streptavidin-ZAP). The cell viability of ML-1 cells was decreased by 49.77% with the treatment of 600 nM of CTX-SAP (F=44.24). Unconjugated Chlorotoxin or Saporin had no significant effect on cell viability a using similar assay.
Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01), Chlorotoxin-SAP (Cat. #IT-86)