saporin

Patrone LGA, Biancardi V, Marques DA, Bícego KC, Gargaglioni LH (2018) Brainstem catecholaminergic neurones and breathing control during postnatal development in male and female rats. J Physiol 596(15):3299-3325. doi: 10.1113/JP275731

Objective: To determine the role of the brainstem CA system in ventilatory control under normocapnic and hypercapnic conditions during different phases of development (P7-8, P14-15 and P20-21) in male and female Wistar rats.

Summary: Brainstem CA neurones produce a tonic inhibitory drive that affects breathing frequency in P7-8 rats and provide an inhibitory drive during hypercapnic conditions in both males and females at P7-8 and P14-15.

Usage: Anti-DBH-SAP (420 ng/μL – 1 μL for P0-1; 1.5 μL for P7-8; 2.0 μL for P13-14) was injected into the 4th ventricle of neonatal Wistar rats of both sexes. Control rats were injected with vehicle (PBS, 0.01 M, pH 7.4) or unconjugated saporin (Cat. #PR-01), with respective volumes for each age, as described for the Anti-DBH-SAP group. All injections were performed using a microinjector pump over a period of 5 min to allow drug diffusion.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Potter H, Alenciks E, Frazier K, Porter A, Fraley GS (2018) Immunolesion of melanopsin neurons causes gonadal regression in Pekin drakes (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 256:16-22. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.08.006

Objective: Examine effects of loss of melanopsin in drakes.

Summary: Loss of melanopsin in PMM elicits decrease in GnRH mRNA expression, gonadal regression, and sex behaviors in drakes.

Usage: To specifically lesion melanopsin-receptive neurons, 3 μl of an anti-melanopsin-saporin conjugate (MSAP, 100 ng/ul) was injected into the lateral ventricle (n = 10). Control drakes were injected with 3 μl of equimolar unconjugated anti-melanopsin and saporin (SAP, n = 10).

Related Products: Melanopsin-SAP (Cat. #IT-44), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Oliveira LM, Moreira TS, Takakura AC (2018) Raphe pallidus is not important to central chemoreception in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience 369:350-362. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.038

Objective: To investigate if serotonin-expressing neurons in the Raphe pallidus/parapyramidal region (RPa/PPy) are also involved in the modulation of breathing during central chemoreception activation in a PD animal model.

Related Products: Anti-SERT-SAP (Cat. #IT-23), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Guo Y, Hu J, Wang Y, Peng X, Min J, Wang J, Matthaiou E, Cheng Y, Sun K, Tong X, Fan Y, Zhang PJ, Kandalaft LE, Irving M, Coukos G, Li C (2018) Tumour endothelial marker 1/endosialin-mediated targeting of human sarcoma. Eur J Cancer 90:111-121. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.10.035. PMID: 29304474

Objective: Using Saporin conjugated to 78Fc, an antibody fragment directed towards endosialin a.k.a. CD248, in the treatment of human sarcomas.

Summary: Endosialin/CD248 is over-expressed in human sarcomas, and a human single-chain variable fragment -Fc fusion protein was created targeting CD248. 78Fc-SAP eliminated CD248+ cells without off-target toxicity in vivo in mice and in vitro in human sarcoma cells.

Usage: In vivo: Mice were inoculated with osteosarcoma cells. These mice received, in PBS, either 4 ug of 78Fc-SAP, 1.4 ug of free saporin [PR-01], or no drug. In vitro: At 2.2 nM nearly 100% of CD248+ human sarcoma cell lines ( SJSA-1, A673, MES-SA and HOS) were eliminated. At the same concentration with free saporin ~20% of cells were eliminated.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Leduc-Pessah H, Weilinger N, Fan C, Burma N, Thompson R, Trang T (2017) Site-specific regulation of P2X7 receptor function in microglia gates morphine analgesic tolerance. J Neurosci 37:10154-10172.. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0852-17.2017

Summary: By selectively ablating microglia in the spinal cord using a Mac-1-SAP the authors demonstrate a causal role for microglia in the development, but not maintenance, of morphine tolerance in male rats.

Usage: Mac-1-SAP or unconjugated Saporin control (15 μg) was administered by intrathecal injection.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Capone E, Giansanti F, Ponziani S, Lamolinara A, Iezzi M, Cimini A, Angelucci F, Sorda R, Laurenzi V, Natali PG, Ippoliti R, Iacobelli S, Sala G (2017) EV20-Sap, a novel anti-HER-3 antibody-drug conjugate, displays promising antitumor activity in melanoma. Oncotarget 8(56):95412-95424. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.20728 PMID: 29221137

Objective: Using EV20 (Anti-Her3)-SAP to target Her3 positive melanoma

Summary: Linking a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting Her3, named EV20, to saporin creates a powerful cytotoxic agent targeting melanoma – which overexpress the Her3 receptor. The antibody, EV20, rapidly is internalized by Her3 whether its dependent ligand is there or not. EV20-SAP demonstrated potent and specific cytotoxicity towards human melanoma cells.

Usage: At a concentration of 19 nM only 10% of the human melanoma cells 9 (SK-MEL24 melanoma cells) survived, where free saporin at the same concentration shows no/minimal cytotoxicity.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Echeverry S, Shi XQ, Yang M, Huang H, Wu Y, Lorenzo L-E, Perez-Sanchez J, Bonin RP, De Koninck Y, Zhang J (2017) Spinal microglia are required for long-term maintenance of neuropathic pain. Pain 158:1792-1801.. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000982

Summary: Selective depletion of spinal microglia in male rats with the targeted immunotoxin Mac-1-SAP and blockade of brain derived neurotrophic factor–TrkB signalling with intrathecal TrkB Fc chimera, but not cytokine inhibition, almost completely reversed pain hypersensitivity.  To selectively deplete microglia in the spinal cord, Mac-1-SAP was injected intrathecally.  In each group, rats received either an intrathecal injection of 12 mg/7 mL of Mac-1-SAP (n = 6-8) or equal volume of 0.9% saline (n 5 6) or the inactive unconjugated toxin, Saporin (n = 6).)

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Nichols NL, Craig TA, Tanner MA (2018) Phrenic long-term facilitation following intrapleural CTB-SAP-induced respiratory motor neuron death. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 256:43-49. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.08.003

Objective: To study the impact of respiratory motor neuron death.

Summary: Intrapleural CTB-SAP mimics aspects of ALS. Seven days of CTB-SAP enhances respiratory plasticity.

Usage: Bilateral intrapleural injections of: 1) CTB-SAP (25 μg), or 2) unconjugated CTB and SAP (control).

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Burma NE, Bonin RP, Leduc-Pessah H, Baimel C, Cairncross ZF, Mousseau M, Shankara JV, Stemkowski PL, Baimoukhametova D, Bains JS, Antle MC, Zamponi GW, Cahill CM, Borgland SL, De Koninck Y, Trang T (2017) Blocking microglial pannexin-1 channels alleviates morphine withdrawal in rodents. Nat Med 23:355-360.. doi: 10.1038/nm.4281

Summary: The authors investigated the mechanisms underlying opiate withdrawal in rat. Depletion of spinal lumbar microglia by intrathecal injections of Mac-1–SAP (Cat. #IT-33; 20 mcg) decreased withdrawal behaviors and attenuated the severity of withdrawal without affecting morphine antinociception. Unconjugated Saporin (Cat. #PR-01; 20 mcg) was used as control and had no effect on spinal CD11b immunoreactivity or naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP rat (Cat. #IT-33), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Polito L, Djemil A, Bortolotti M (2016) Plant toxin-based immunotoxins for cancer therapy: a short overview. Biomedicines 4(2):12. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines4020012

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)