References

Harris RB (2019) Leptin receptor activity in the nucleus of the solitary tract increases forebrain leptin sensitivity. Neuroscience 2019 Abstracts 591.04. Society for Neuroscience, Chicago, IL.

Summary: We previously reported that fourth ventricle infusions of leptin that cause weight loss are associated with an increase in hypothalamic phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3), a marker of leptin receptor (ObRb) activation, implying an integrated response to central leptin. This study tested the impact of ObRb activity in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) on sensitivity to leptin in the forebrain. Leptin-Saporin (Lep-Sap) injections were used to delete ObR- expressing neurons in the NTS of 300g male Sprague Dawley rats. Controls were injected with Blank-Saporin (Blk-Sap). Loss of NTS ObR was confirmed with RNAScope in situ hybridization and pSTAT3 response to peripheral leptin in representative Lep- Sap rats. Experimental rats were fitted with 3rd ventricle (3V) guide cannula 12 days after Lep-Sap or Blk-Sap injections. Nine days later cannula placement was tested with Angiotensin II and rats were adapted to calorimeter cages for 4 days. Lep-Sap had no effect on body weight. To test leptin responsiveness rats were food deprived for 5 hours and at 5 p.m. they received 3V injections of 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25 or 0.5 μg leptin. Food was returned at 6 p.m., the start of the dark period. Each rat received the injections in random order at 4 day intervals. At the end of the experiment NTS pSTAT3 was used to confirm effcacy of Lep-Sap injections. Seven Lep-Sap and 6 control Blk-Sap rats completed the experiment. There was a dose-dependent inhibition of food intake in Blk-Sap rats, but only 0.5 μg leptin inhibited intake of Lep-Sap rats. Intake was inhibited during the 24 hours following injection and was not compensated for so that cumulative intake was inhibited for 60 hours post-injection. Energy expenditure was not different between groups and respiratory exchange ratio tended to follow food intake. These data suggest that leptin- induced inhibition of food intake is mediated by an integrated network involving both the forebrain and hindbrain and that activation of NTS ObRb lowers the threshold for leptin responsiveness in the forebrain.

Related Products: Leptin-SAP (Cat. #IT-47)

Guyenet PG, Stornetta RL, Souza GMPR, Abbott SBG, Shi Y, Bayliss DA. (2019) The retrotrapezoid nucleus: Central chemoreceptor and regulator of breathing automaticity. Trends Neurosci 42(11):807-824. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.09.002

Summary: This review describes the neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), their transcriptome, developmental lineage, and anatomical projections. The authors also review their contribution to CO2 homeostasis and to the regulation of breathing automaticity during sleep and wake.

Usage: Local injection of SSP-SAP to kill RTN neurons.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

Li J, Xiang X, Xu H, Shi Y (2019) Cilostazol promotes angiogenesis and increases cell proliferation after myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury through a camp-dependent mechanism. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 10(4):638-647. doi: 10.1007/s13239-019-00435-0 PMID: 31625080

Usage: western

Related Products: Fibroblast Growth Factor Rabbit Polyclonal, mammalian (Cat. #AB-07)

Avrampou K, Pryce KD, Ramakrishnan A, Sakloth F, Gaspari S, Serafini RA, Mitsi V, Polizu C, Swartz C, Ligas B, Richards A, Shen L, Carr FB, Zachariou V (2019) RGS4 maintains chronic pain symptoms in rodent models. J Neurosci 39(42):8291-8304. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3154-18.2019 PMID: 31308097

Usage: western

Related Products: Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2 (mGluR2) Mouse Monoclonal (Cat. #AB-N32)

Kucinski A, Phillips KB, Koshy Cherian A, Sarter M (2020) Rescuing the attentional performance of rats with cholinergic losses by the M1 positive allosteric modulator TAK-071. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 237(1):137-153. doi: 10.1007/s00213-019-05354-5 PMID: 31620809

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Wercberger R, Basbaum AI (2019) Spinal cord projection neurons: A superficial, and also deep, analysis. Curr Opin Physiol 11:109-115. doi: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.10.002

Summary: Modern approaches to map complex neural circuits require knowledge of the molecular language that defines cell type specificity. However, with few exceptions, NK1R remains the marker consistently used to define projection neurons and even to interrogate their contribution to pain and itch (Mantyh et al.) The first of two studies demonstrating that SP-SAP-mediated ablation of dorsal horn NK1R-expressing neurons reduces injury-induced hyperalgesia. (Carstens et al.) In this paper SP-SAP-mediated ablation of dorsal horn NK1R-expressing neurons reduced pruritogen-evoked scratching.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

See Also:

• Mantyh PW et al. Inhibition of hyperalgesia by ablation of lamina I spinal neurons expressing the substance P receptor. Science 278:275-279, 1997.
• Carstens EE et al. Dorsal horn neurons expressing NK-1 receptors mediate scratching in rats. Neuroreport 21:303-308, 2010.

Murillo-Rodríguez E, Millán-Aldaco D, Palomero-Rivero M, Morales-Lara D, Mechoulam R, Drucker-Colín R (2019) Cannabidiol partially blocks the excessive sleepiness in hypocretindeficient rats: Preliminary data. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 18(9):705-712. doi: 10.2174/1871527318666191021143300

Objective: To determine whether the systemic injection of CBD (5 mg/kg, i.p.) would block the excessive sleepiness in a narcoleptic model.

Summary: Preliminary findings suggest that CBD might prevent sleepiness in narcolepsy.

Usage: Orexin-SAP (490 ng/0.5 μL, n= 10) was bilaterally injected into the LH of rats to eliminate HCRT leading to the establishment of narcoleptic-like behavior.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Martins JR, Reichhart N, Kociok N, Stindl J, Foeckler R, Lachmann P, Todorov V, Castrop H, Strauß O (2019) Systemic ß adrenergic stimulation/ sympathetic nerve system stimulation influences intraocular RAS through cAMP in the RPE. Exp Eye Res 189:107828. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107828 PMID: 31589840

Objective: To investigate whether systemic β-adrenergic stimulation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) also modulates renin expression in the RPE.

Summary: In vitro analysis of renin gene expression using polarized porcine RPE showed that the activity of the renin promoter can be increased by cAMP stimulation (IBMX/forskolin) but was not influenced by angiotensin-2.

Usage: Immunohistochemistry; eye sections were labeled overnight at 4°C with Anti-AT-1R.

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Klotz L, Wendler O, Frischknecht R, Shigemoto R, Schulze H, Enz R (2019) Localization of group II and III metabotropic glutamate receptors at pre- and postsynaptic sites of inner hair cell ribbon synapses. FASEB J 33(12):13734-13746. doi: 10.1096/fj.201901543R PMID: 31585509

Usage: immunohistochemistry (1:150)

Related Products: Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2 (mGluR2) Mouse Monoclonal (Cat. #AB-N32)

Verkhratsky A, Parpura V, Rodriguez-Arellano J, Zorec R (2019) Astroglia in Alzheimer’s Disease. (eds. Verkhratsky A, Ho M, Zorec R, Parpura V). In: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology: Neuroglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases. 1175:273-324. Springer, Singapore. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-9913-8_11

Summary: A review of the tools for creating animal models of Alzheimer’s Disease. 192-IgG-SAP binds selectively and irreversibly to low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor interrupting cholinergic neuronal protein synthesis was employed. Anti-DBH-SAP binds dopamine-β-hydroxylase, which is not only localized mainly in the cytosol, but also at the plasma membrane surface of noradrenergic neurons. Anti-DBH-SAP produced specific and dose-dependent depletions of locus coeruleus neurons, with no effects on other cholinergic, dopaminergic or serotonergic neuronal populations. The possibility to induce a partial or total noradrenergic loss (by varying the injected dose) makes this immunotoxic approach an ideal model to study events within the noradrenergic projection system, as they occur during age-related demise of locus coeruleus in humans.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)