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Septohippocampal GABAergic neurons mediate the altered behaviors induced by n-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists.
Ma J, Tai SK, Leung LS (2012) Septohippocampal GABAergic neurons mediate the altered behaviors induced by n-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. Hippocampus 22(12):2208-2218. doi: 10.1002/hipo.22039
Summary: It is thought that the integrity of the medial septum is essential for the maintenance of hippocampal theta rhythm – and that this maintenance depends on three types of septohippocampal neurons; cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutaminergic. In this work the authors administered bilateral injections totaling 140 ng of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) into the medial septum of rats. The animals were then treated with NMDA receptor antagonists to examine the role of GABAergic neurons from the medial septum in psychotic behavior. The data suggest that septohippocampal GABAergic neurons are important for expression of psychotic symptoms caused by NMDA receptor antagonists.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
Effect of orexin-B-saporin-induced lesions of the lateral hypothalamus on performance on a progressive ratio schedule.
Olarte-Sánchez CM, Valencia Torres L, Body S, Cassaday HJ, Bradshaw CM, Szabadi E (2012) Effect of orexin-B-saporin-induced lesions of the lateral hypothalamus on performance on a progressive ratio schedule. J Psychopharmacol 26(6):871-886. doi: 10.1177/0269881111409607
Summary: It has been suggested that orexigenic neurons in the hypothalamus consist of two anatomically distinct groups. The lateral hypothalamic area group (LHA), which modulates reinforcement mechanisms; and the dorsomedial hypothalamus and perifornical area group involved in regulation of stress and arousal. Rats received bilateral 15 ng injections of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) into the LHA. Results from a progressive ratio model indicate that the lesioned neurons control the motor component of food-reinforced responding.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
Involvement of tuberomamillary histaminergic neurons in isoflurane anesthesia.
Luo T, Leung LS (2011) Involvement of tuberomamillary histaminergic neurons in isoflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 115(1):36-43. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3182207655
Summary: Although previous studies indicate that histaminergic neurotransmission may mediate reaction to general anesthesia, it is not clear whether the histominergic tuberomammilary nucleus (TMN) is involved. Rats received 250-ng infusions of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) into the TMN after which the righting reflex was assessed for several anesthetics. Loss of histaminergic neurons in the TMN only altered the effect of isoflurane – suggesting that the neural circuits involved in isoflurane anesthesia are different than circuits affected by propofol, pentobarbital, and ketamine.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
Histaminergic regulation of seasonal metabolic rhythms in Siberian hamsters.
I’anson H, Jethwa PH, Warner A, Ebling FJ (2011) Histaminergic regulation of seasonal metabolic rhythms in Siberian hamsters. Physiol Behav 103(3-4):268-278. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.02.035
Summary: The role of central histaminergic mechanisms on seasonal catabolic state was investigated in hamsters. Siberian hamsters received bilateral 3.8-ng injections of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) into the tuberomammillary posterior hypothalamic region. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. During long days, lesioned animals displayed higher locomotor activity, greater oxygen intake, and no net weight gain. During shorter days (hibernation) with less activity, lesioned animals did not lose weight. The data indicate that histaminergic neurons are involved in body weight regulation.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Reassessment of the structural basis of the ascending arousal system.
Fuller P, Sherman D, Pedersen NP, Saper CB, Lu J (2011) Reassessment of the structural basis of the ascending arousal system. J Comp Neurol 519(5):933-956. doi: 10.1002/cne.22559
Summary: Traditional thought has been that electroencephalogram activity is mainly generated by the thalamo-cortical system. In this work the authors investigated the effects of basal forebrain lesions on various measurements of wakefulness. Rats received 4 50 ng injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the basal forebrain. The effects of these lesions showed that the parabrachial nucleus/precoeruleus region projection relayed by the basal forebrain to the cerebral cortex plays a critical role in behavioral and electrocortical arousal.
Usage: Lesions of the basal forebrain were done by injecting a 0.1% solution of either 192-IgG-SAP or Orexin-SAP at four different sites.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
Orexin-B-saporin lesions in the lateral hypothalamus enhance photic masking of rapid eye movement sleep in the albino rat.
Ocampo-Garces A, Ibanez F, Perdomo G, Torrealba F (2011) Orexin-B-saporin lesions in the lateral hypothalamus enhance photic masking of rapid eye movement sleep in the albino rat. J Sleep Res 20:3-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2010.00864.x
Summary: Photic masking occurs when photic input to the retina interferes with REM sleep. Rats that received 200 ng of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) into the lateral hypothalamus experienced dramatically less REM sleep during normal light cycles. Placing them in a skeleton photoperiod (brief pulses of light, one in the morning and one in the evening), however, caused REM sleep during the rest phase to return to normal. This data suggests that photic masking may explain some effects of narcolepsy and cataplexy.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
Lesions of orexin neurons block conditioned place preference for sexual behavior in male rats.
Di Sebastiano AR, Wilson-Perez HE, Lehman MN, Coolen LM (2011) Lesions of orexin neurons block conditioned place preference for sexual behavior in male rats. Horm Behav 59(1):1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.09.006
Summary: The neuropeptide orexin is important in the feedback mechanisms of food intake and drugs of abuse. This work investigates the role of orexin in sexual reward in male rats. Two 200 ng bilateral hypothalamic injections of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) were made into each hemisphere. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. Although it was shown orexin neurons are activated by sexual reward cures, the data suggest that orexin is not essential for sexual performance and motivation.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
Septohippocampal pathways contribute to system consolidation of a spatial memory: Sequential implication of gabaergic and cholinergic neurons.
Lecourtier L, de Vasconcelos AP, Leroux E, Cosquer B, Geiger K, Lithfous S, Cassel JC (2011) Septohippocampal pathways contribute to system consolidation of a spatial memory: Sequential implication of gabaergic and cholinergic neurons. Hippocampus 21(12):1277-1289. doi: 10.1002/hipo.20837
Summary: Few studies have examined the role of GABAergic septohippocampal projections in memory consolidation. The authors administered 192-IgG-SAP (400 ng; Cat. #IT-01) and/or orexin-SAP (70 ng; Cat. #IT-20) to the medial septum/vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca of rats. Spatial memory tests were then administered over several weeks. The data indicate that both GABAergic and cholinergic septohippocampal systems contribute to memory stabilization, possibly in a sequential manner.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
Orexin mediates initiation of sexual behavior in sexually naive male rats, but is not critical for sexual performance.
Di Sebastiano AR, Yong-Yow S, Wagner L, Lehman MN, Coolen LM (2010) Orexin mediates initiation of sexual behavior in sexually naive male rats, but is not critical for sexual performance. Horm Behav 58(3):397-404. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.06.004
Summary: In this work the role of endogenous orexin-A and B in male sexual behavior was investigated. Rats received a total of 400 ng of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) into the hypothalamus in each hemisphere. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. The lesions facilitated initiation of sexual behavior in naïve males, and reduced anxiety-like behaviors. The data suggest that orexin may play a role in arousal and anxiety related to sexual behavior in naïve animals, but is not critical for performance or motivation.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
Endogenous histamine facilitates long-term potentiation in the hippocampus during walking.
Luo T, Leung LS (2010) Endogenous histamine facilitates long-term potentiation in the hippocampus during walking. J Neurosci 30(23):7845-7852. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1127-10.2010
Summary: The neurotransmitter histamine is involved in several physiological functions, such as sleep-wake activites, circadian rhythms, learning, and memory. This work examines the role of histamine in modulating synaptic plasticity. Rats received 62.5 ng injections of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) into the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN), followed by assessment of long term potentiation (LTP) during different behavioral states. The data indicate that histaminergic neurons in the TMN facilitate basal-dendritic LTP during walking.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)