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Locus coeruleus noradrenergic innervation of the amygdala facilitates alerting-induced constriction of the rat tail artery.
Mohammed M, Kulasekara K, Ootsuka Y, Blessing W (2016) Locus coeruleus noradrenergic innervation of the amygdala facilitates alerting-induced constriction of the rat tail artery. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 310:R1109-1119. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00058.2016
Summary: The researchers tested the hypothesis that release of noradrenaline within the amygdala is important for the occurrence of SCVARS (sympathetic cutaneous vasoconstrictor alerting responses). A long-shanked 5-μl glass micropipette calibrated in 100-nl steps, was filled with vehicle or Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03). Anti-DBH-SAP (5 μg in 250 nl) or vehicle was injected into the amygdala during ∼1 min, and the pipette was left in place for an additional The locus coeruleus has been implicated in many aspects of emotional arousal, so that functional inhibition of the extensive locus coeruleus-derived noradrenergic innervation of centers known to be important in emotional arousal, including the amygdala, is likely to contribute to the therapeutic actions of clonidine-like agents. The locus coeruleus also has major reciprocal connections with the orexin-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamus, and rats with genetically lesioned orexin receptor neurons (alternatively, oen could lesion with Orexin-SAP, Cat. #IT-20) have reduced emotional arousal as reflected in reduced SCVAR responses to alerting stimuli.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
Locus coeruleus and tuberomammillary nuclei ablations attenuate hypocretin/orexin antagonist-mediated rem sleep.
Schwartz M, Nguyen A, Warrier D, Palmerston J, Thomas A, Morairty S, Neylan T, Kilduff T (2016) Locus coeruleus and tuberomammillary nuclei ablations attenuate hypocretin/orexin antagonist-mediated rem sleep. eNeuro 3:ENEURO.0018-0016.2016. doi: 10.1523/ENEURO.0018-16.2016
Summary: To examine the mechanism by which the Orexin 1r/Orexin 2r antagonist almorexant decreases wakefulness and increases NREM and REM sleep the authors utilized Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) and Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20). Rats received 3-μg injections of Anti-DBH-SAP into the LC, or bilateral 57-80 ng injections of Orexin-SAP into the TMN. Both conjugates attenuated the increased REM sleep seen upon administration of almorexant without altering almorexant-induced changes in NREM sleep.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
Orexin A activates hypoglossal motoneurons and enhances genioglossus muscle activity in rats.
Zhang G, Liu Z, Zhang B, Geng W, Song N, Zhou W, Cao Y, Li S, Huang Z, Shen L (2014) Orexin A activates hypoglossal motoneurons and enhances genioglossus muscle activity in rats. Br J Pharmacol 171:4233-4246. doi: 10.1111/bph.12784
Summary: Orexin neurons are restricted to the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and are involved in functions such as feeding behavior, energy homeostasis, sleep/wake cycles, and many others. Here the authors investigate orexin control of the genioglossus – the largest upper airway dilator muscle. Rats received bilateral 172 ng injections of orexin-SAP into the LH. Lesioned animals displayed a significant decrease in genioglossus muscle electromyograms, indicating that orexin neurons are vital to the control of this muscle.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
Armodafinil-induced wakefulness in animals with ventrolateral preoptic lesions.
Vetrivelan R, Saper C, Fuller P (2014) Armodafinil-induced wakefulness in animals with ventrolateral preoptic lesions. Nat Sci Sleep 6:57-63. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S53132
Summary: Excessive daytime sleepiness is often treated with modafinil. Armodafinil, the R-isomer of modafinil, has been introduced for clinical use, but little is known about the cellular pathway targeted by these drugs. The authors examined whether armodafinil inhibits the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO). Rats received 200-ng injections of orexin-SAP into the VLPO, followed by administration of armodafinil. Lesioned animals displayed increased wakefulness similar to control animals, indicating that armodafinil and modafinil do not act along the VLPO neurons.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
Role of lateral hypothalamus in two aspects of attention in associative learning.
Wheeler D, Wan S, Miller A, Angeli N, Adileh B, Hu W, Holland P (2014) Role of lateral hypothalamus in two aspects of attention in associative learning. Eur J Neurosci 40:2359-2377. doi: 10.1111/ejn.12592
Summary: The lateral hypothalamic (LH) region contains both orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons. These neurons are unique to the LH but project throughout the brain. In this work the authors examined the role of the LH in specific attentional aspects of associative learning. Rats received unilateral 500 ng injections of orexin-SAP (IT-20) into the LH and were tested in several learning tasks. The lesioned animals displayed impaired behavior that was correlated to the loss of orexin but not MCH neurons.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
Effects of hypocretin/orexin cell transplantation on narcoleptic-like sleep behavior in rats.
Arias-Carrión O, Murillo-Rodríguez E (2014) Effects of hypocretin/orexin cell transplantation on narcoleptic-like sleep behavior in rats. PLoS One 9:e95342. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095342
Summary: In this work the authors examined the effect of orexin cell grafts into the lateral hypothalamus (LH) on narcoleptic-like sleep behavior. Rats received bilateral 490-ng injections of orexin-SAP* into the LH. 21 days post-lesion, the animals then received a graft consisting of dissociated cells from a 8-10 day old rat brain. The narcoleptic-like behavior was reduced in animals receiving the graft, indicating that restoration of some orexin levels may help resolve neurodegeneration.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
Physiology of the orexinergic/hypocretinergic system: a revisit in 2012.
Kukkonen JP (2013) Physiology of the orexinergic/hypocretinergic system: a revisit in 2012. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 304(1):C2-32 . doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00227.2012
Summary: This review updates an original review from a decade ago on the subject of orexins. These neuropeptides have been shown to be involved in sleep, wakefulness, appetite, metabolism, stress response, reward/addiction, and analgesia. This broad spectrum of action affects many processes including neuronal excitation, synaptic plasticity, and cell death. The use of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) in some of this work is discussed.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
Identification and characterization of a sleep-active cell group in the rostral medullary brainstem.
Anaclet C, Lin JS, Vetrivelan R, Krenzer M, Vong L, Fuller PM, Lu J (2012) Identification and characterization of a sleep-active cell group in the rostral medullary brainstem. J Neurosci 32(50):17970-17976. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0620-12.2012
Summary: The authors attempt to locate and identify specific neuronal populations that promote sleep. One method utilized was 130-330 pg injections of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) into the parafacial zone. These results establish the parafacial zone as a delimited node of sleep-active neurons.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
Metabolic effects of chronic sleep restriction in rats.
Vetrivelan R, Fuller PM, Yokota S, Lu J, Saper CB (2012) Metabolic effects of chronic sleep restriction in rats. Sleep 35(11):1511-1520. doi: 10.5665/sleep.2200
Summary: In order to investigate whether there is a correlation between sleep and weight the authors administered 200 nl of a 0.1% solution of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) to the ventrolateral preoptic area of rats. Although the lesioned animals slept less than the controls, weight gain was slower than controls.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
Control of sleep and wakefulness.
Brown RE, Basheer R, McKenna JT, Strecker RE, McCarley RW (2012) Control of sleep and wakefulness. Physiol Rev 92(3):1087-1187 . doi: 10.1152/physrev.00032.2011
Summary: This review summarizes mechanisms in the brain that control sleep and wakefulness. Areas discussed include wakefulness promoting systems, non-REM sleep and REM sleep definitions, the function of each kind of sleep, and dysfunction that occurs as a result of sleep disruption. Several targeted conjugates are mentioned, such as 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), and orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20). The review summarizes the use of these products to better understand sleep networks.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)