References

Ferencz I, Leanza G, Nonobashvili A, Kokaia Z, Kokaia M, Lindvall O (2001) Septal cholinergic neurons suppress seizure development in hippocampal kindling in rats: comparison with noradrenergic neurons. Neuroscience 102(4):819-832. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00499-1

Summary: Kindling can be caused in rats by lesioning forebrain cholinergic or noradrenergic projections. Ferencz et al. utilize 192-Saporin (2.5 µg; Cat. #IT-01) to lesion forebrain cholinergic neurons and 6-hydroxydopamine to lesion noradrenergic neurons, administering both compounds by intraventricular injection. Upon comparing various aspects of hippocampal kindling, the authors determine that while both noradrenergic and cholinergic projections to the forebrain exert inhibitory effects, the cholinergic effect is less pronounced and occurs prior to seizure generalization.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Paqueron X, Li X, Eisenach JC (2001) p75-expressing elements are necessary for anti-allodynic effects of spinal clonidine and neostigmine. Neuroscience 102(3):681-686. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00528-5

Summary: It has been suggested that alpha2-adrenergic agonists produce analgesia by activating spinal cholinergic neurons. The authors reason that since spinal cholinergic neurons in the ventral horn express p75 following peripheral nerve trauma, cholinergic dorsal horn neurons might also. Instead, they find that dorsal horn neurons express little or no p75 under normal conditions or following spinal nerve ligation. Since dorsal horn neurons do not express p75 they are not eliminated by 192-Saporin (0.1-0.6 µg; Cat. #IT-01), but the data indicate that p75-expressing elements do play a role in pain transmission in the dorsal horn. The authors note that when afferents that express p75 are eliminated, mechanical hypersensitivity is unaffected, but the reduction of hypersensitivity by alpha2-adrenergic agonists or cholinergic agents is blocked.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Hunt SP, Mantyh PW (2001) The molecular dynamics of pain control. Nature Rev Neurosci 2:83-91. doi: 10.1038/35053509

Summary: Over the last twenty years a great deal of progress has been made in the understanding of how pain is processed and transmitted by the CNS. The authors of this review highlight advances in systems neurobiology, behavioral analysis, genetics, and cell and molecular techniques. One method discussed is the use of the targeted toxin substance P-saporin (SP-SAP, Cat. #IT-07, also available with a more stable analog of substance P, SSP-SAP, Cat. #IT-11). This targeted toxin selectively lesions neurons expressing the NK1 receptor. Injection of SP-SAP into the spinal cord of rats dramatically attenuates the response to chronic pain stimuli, yet leaves acute pain response intact.

Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07), SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

Campagnolo L, Russo MA, Puglianiello A, Favale A, Siracusa G (2001) Mesenchymal cell precursors of peritubular smooth muscle cells of the mouse testis can be identified by the presence of the p75 neurotrophin receptor. Biol Reprod 64(2):464-472. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod64.2.464 PMID: 11159348

Related Products: NGFr (mu p75) Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N01)

Hartlage-Rübsamen M, Schliebs R (2001) Rat basal forebrain cholinergic lesion affects neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity in hippocampal and neocortical target regions. Brain Res 889(1-2):155-164. doi: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)03128-0

Summary: Nitric oxide (NO) mediates a variety of mechanisms in the brain including cortical perfusion, learning and memory, and neuronal plasticity. Cholinergic dysfunction has been associated with some of these same processes, notably reduced cortical cerebral blood flow and impaired performance in learning and memory tasks. The authors use a single intracerebroventricular injection of 192-Saporin (2.8 µg; Cat. #IT-01) to deplete the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. Although total cortical neuronal NO synthase levels are not affected, the activity levels in select neocortical hippocampal neurons are reduced. The data suggest the ratio of catalytically active and inactive cortical NO synthase may be driven in part by basal cholinergic forebrain input.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Garcia YR, May JJ, Green AM, Krolick KA (2001) Acetylcholine receptor-reactive antibody induces nitric oxide production by a rat skeletal muscle cell line: influence of cytokine environment. J Neuroimmunol 120(1-2):103-111. doi: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00414-3 PMID: 11694325

Related Products: Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor alpha 1 (mAb 35) Rat Monoclonal (Cat. #AB-N36)

Baxter MG (2001) Effects of selective immunotoxic lesions on learning and memory. (eds. Hall WA). In: Immunotoxin Methods and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology. 166:249-265. Humana Press. doi: 10.1385/1-59259-114-0:249

Summary: Dr. Baxter presents a brief review of studies using immunotoxins to study learning and memory. In particular, this chapter focuses on the use of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) for elimination of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and cerebellar Purkinje cells.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Wiley RG (2001) Toxin-induced death of neurotrophin-sensitive neurons. (eds. Rush RA). In: Neurotrophin Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology. 169:217-222. Humana Press. doi: 10.1385/1-59259-060-8:217

Summary: Wiley discusses some of the specifics of using 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) to eliminate cells expressing the rat p75 low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor. Wiley also describes the sequence of events following treatment with 192-Saporin from binding of the immunotoxin through ribosomal inactivation and cell death. Methods of handling the immunotoxin and injection are also addressed.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Beninger RJ, Dringenberg HC, Boegman RJ, Jhamandas K (2001) Cognitive effects of neurotoxic lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis in rats: differential roles for corticopetal versus amygdalopetal projections. Neurotox Res 3(1):7-21. doi: 10.1007/BF03033227

Summary: The cholinergic hypothesis states that projections of cholinergic neurons from the nucleus basalis magnocellularis to cortical and amygdalar targets are important in memory. This review discusses the work done on the cholinergic hypothesis using non-specific lesioning agents such as ibotenate and quisqualate, and the specific targeted conjugate 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01). The authors conclude that cholinergic targets in both the cortex and amygdala are important for the control of memory.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Sinakevitch-Pean I, Geffard M, Plotnikova SI (2001) Localization of glutamate in the nervous system of the fly drosophila melanogaster: An immunocytochemical study. Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol 37(1):64-68. doi: 10.1023/A:1017574120553 PMID: 11424530

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