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Spatial memory following selective cholinergic lesion of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis.
Dashniani M, Burjanadze M, Beselia G, Maglakelidze G, Naneishvili T (2009) Spatial memory following selective cholinergic lesion of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Georgian Med News 174:77-81.
Summary: This study investigated the role of cholinergic nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) cells in learning and memory. Rats received bilateral 200 ng injections of 192 IgG-SAP (Cat. IT-01) into the NBM. Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as a control. The results indicate that the NBM is important in accurate spatial learning and the processing of information about the spatial environment. Deficits in rats with the cholinergic lesion may be due to lowered attentional function.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)
NGF is essential for hippocampal plasticity and learning.
Conner JM, Franks KM, Titterness AK, Russell K, Merrill DA, Christie BR, Sejnowski TJ, Tuszynski MH (2009) NGF is essential for hippocampal plasticity and learning. J Neurosci 29:10883-10889. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2594-09.2009
Summary: This work aimed to define NGF modulation of plasticity and function in adults. Rats received 50 ng injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the medial septum. Lesioned animals exhibited impaired retention of spatial memory and significantly reduced hippocampal long term potentiation. These results indicate that NGF modulates neuronal plasticity and behavior by exerting effects on cholinergic projections to hippocampal and cortical targets.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Ketamine-induced deficit of auditory gating in the hippocampus of rats is alleviated by medial septal inactivation and antipsychotic drugs.
Ma J, Tai SK, Leung LS (2009) Ketamine-induced deficit of auditory gating in the hippocampus of rats is alleviated by medial septal inactivation and antipsychotic drugs. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 206:457-467. doi: 10.1007/s00213-009-1623-3
Summary: Schizophrenic patients do not experience the usual diminished response to repeated stimuli, otherwise known as gating. Gating loss can be caused by the administration of some psychotomimetic drugs. This study used 170 ng injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) to examine the effect of ketamine on sensory gating loss. Elimination of septohippocampal cholinergic neurons alleviated the disruption of auditory gating caused by ketamine.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
A cholinergic-dependent role for the entorhinal cortex in trace fear conditioning.
Esclassan F, Coutureau E, Di Scala G, Marchand AR (2009) A cholinergic-dependent role for the entorhinal cortex in trace fear conditioning. J Neurosci 29:8087-8093. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0543-09.2009
Summary: Higher cognitive involvement can be modeled through the use of trace conditioning in simple associative tasks. Rats received several 20-80 ng injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the entorhinal cortex (EC) in order to clarify the mechanisms that allow learning through the association of events that occur at different times. Cholinergic depletion of the EC did not result in a training deficit, indicating that these cells are not necessary for trace conditioning.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Neonatal stress affects vulnerability of cholinergic neurons and cognition in the rat: Involvement of the HPA axis.
Aisa B, Gil-Bea FJ, Marcos B, Tordera R, Lasheras B, Del Rio J, Ramirez MJ (2009) Neonatal stress affects vulnerability of cholinergic neurons and cognition in the rat: Involvement of the HPA axis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34(10):1495-1505. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.05.003
Summary: Early adverse life events such as maternal separation (MS) can increase vulnerability to psychopathology as an adult. The authors administered bilateral intracerebroventricular 1 µg injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) to MS rats then analyzed choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activity. Lesioned animals displayed reduced activity of both of these enzymes, as well as decreased glucocorticoid receptor density. The results suggest that vulnerability of basal forebrain cholinergic cells may be affected by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Effects of chronic donepezil treatment and cholinergic deafferentation on parietal pyramidal neuron morphology.
De Bartolo P, Gelfo F, Mandolesi L, Foti F, Cutuli D, Petrosini L (2009) Effects of chronic donepezil treatment and cholinergic deafferentation on parietal pyramidal neuron morphology. J Alzheimers Dis 17:177-191. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2009-1035 PMID: 19494441
Summary: Donepezil has been shown to enhance cognitive functioning in both healthy patients and those suffering from dementia. This study examined whether donepezil treatment changes neocortical morphology in healthy or diseased brains. Rats received 4 µg bilateral injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the lateral ventricles. Various morphological parameters were analyzed demonstrating that in the absence of cholinergic neurons donepezil prevented the compensatory response rather than enhanced function.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
The basal forebrain cholinergic system is required specifically for behaviorally mediated cortical map plasticity.
Ramanathan D, Tuszynski MH, Conner JM (2009) The basal forebrain cholinergic system is required specifically for behaviorally mediated cortical map plasticity. J Neurosci 29:5992-6000. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0230-09.2009
Summary: In this work the authors examined what types of neuronal plasticity require the cholinergic system. Selective depletion of the basal forebrain cholinergic system was accomplished by bilateral 112-ng and 75-ng injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis/substantia inominata. The results indicate a linkage between cholinergic mechanisms and distinct forms of cortical plasticity, supporting the role of the forebrain cholinergic system in modulating plasticity associated with behavioral experience.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Cholinergic depletion of the medial septum followed by phase shifting does not impair memory or rest-activity rhythms measured under standard light/dark conditions in rats.
Craig LA, Hong NS, Kopp J, McDonald RJ (2009) Cholinergic depletion of the medial septum followed by phase shifting does not impair memory or rest-activity rhythms measured under standard light/dark conditions in rats. Brain Res Bull 79(1):53-62. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.10.013
Summary: It has been theorized that cognitive decline observed in Alzheimer’s disease is in part due to disruption of the circadian rhythm (CR) in these patients. Some basal forebrain cholinergic neurons project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which is responsible for maintenance of CR. Rats received two injections totaling 7.5 ng of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the medial septum/diagonal band of Broca. Lesioned animals did not show any evidence of CR disruption.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Cholinergic deafferentation of the neocortex using 192 IgG-saporin impairs feature binding in rats.
Botly LC, De Rosa E (2009) Cholinergic deafferentation of the neocortex using 192 IgG-saporin impairs feature binding in rats. J Neurosci 29:4120-4130. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0654-09.2009
Summary: It has been hypothesized that the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) is the source of cholinergic input to the neocortex that is responsible for incorporating different features of an object into a unified neural representation of said object. Rats received 0.04-µg bilateral injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the NBM. In lesioned animals modes of learning requiring feature binding were impaired, while processes not using feature binding were left intact.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Neurotrophic signaling molecules associated with cholinergic damage in young and aged rats: environmental enrichment as potential therapeutic agent.
Paban V, Chambon C, Manrique C, Touzet C, Alescio-Lautier B (2011) Neurotrophic signaling molecules associated with cholinergic damage in young and aged rats: environmental enrichment as potential therapeutic agent. Neurobiol Aging 32(3):470-485. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.03.010
Summary: This study examined the potential of long-term environmental enrichment as a therapeutic agent for cholinergic damage. Rats received bilateral injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the medial septum (37.5 ng per side) and nucleus basalis magnocellularis (75 ng per side). Through the use of cDNA macroarrays the authors associated the therapeutic effects of environmental enrichment with downregulation of gene expression associated with certain cell processes, and upregulation of gene expression associated with signal transduction.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)