References

Cahill JFX, Baxter MG (2001) Cholinergic and noncholinergic septal neurons modulate strategy selection in spatial learning. Eur J Neurosci 14:1856-1864. doi: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01807.x

Summary: The authors compared ibotenic acid (IA)-treated rats with those injected with 45 ng and 30 ng of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) into two separate coordinates of the medial septum/vertical limb of the diagonal band (MS/VDB) to investigate the role of basal forebrain projections in modulating strategy selection in spatial learning. While rats with IA lesions in the MS/VDB demonstrated significant disruption of the learning process, the 192-Saporin-lesioned rats did not show this effect.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Lamprea MR, Cardenas FP, Silveira R, Morato S, Walsh TJ (2000) Dissociation of memory and anxiety in a repeated elevated plus maze paradigm: Forebrain cholinergic mechanisms. Behav Brain Res 117:97-105. doi: 10.1016/s0166-4328(00)00294-1

Summary: The septo-hippocampal pathway has been implicated in many behavioral processes such as learning, anxiety, and motivation. Using 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) to lesion the cholinergic neurons of the medial septum of rats, the authors demonstrate changes in exploratory behavior associated with learning, but no changes in anxiety-associated behavior in their elevated plus maze paradigm.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Ballmaier M, Casamenti F, Zoli M, Pepeu G, Spano P (2001) Selective immunolesioning of cholinergic neurons in nucleus basalis magnocellularis impairs prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle. Neuroscience 108(2):299-305. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00413-4

Summary: One of the measures for schizophrenia is a deficit in sensorimotor gating (the ability of the brain to filter sensory input to focus on selective stimuli) measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex. The authors injected 300 nl of 400 ng/µl 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) into each side of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) in rats to examine the effect of NBM cholinergic neuron elimination on the startle reflex. The data show a significant, persistent disruption of the PPI independent of the amplitude of the startle reflex. This suggests the NBM may play an important role in information processing in schizophrenia.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Himmelheber AM, Sarter M, Bruno JP (2001) The effects of manipulations of attentional demand on cortical acetylcholine release. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 12(3):353-370. doi: 10.1016/s0926-6410(01)00064-7

Summary: Cortical cholinergic afferents from the basal forebrain are suspected to be involved in attentional tasks. Regulatory impairment of these afferents has been hypothesized to contribute to attentional deficits seen in conditions as diverse as Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia. The authors have previously shown that 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) lesions result in severe impairments in tasks requiring sustained attentional processing. In these experiments the authors suggest that cell response is dependent on the level of demand. They demonstrate that removal of p75+ cells (0.5 µg/µl bilaterally infused into the nucleus basalis region in rat) impairs sustained attentional performance, but does not impact low-demand task performance.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Vulchanova L, Olson TH, Stone LS, Riedl MS, Elde R, Honda CN (2001) Cytotoxic targeting of isolectin IB4-binding sensory neurons. Neuroscience 108(1):143-155. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00377-3 PMID: 11738138

Summary: Vulchanova et al. examine the role of IB4-binding neurons in nociception. IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10) was injected into rats (2 µg in left sciatic nerve). The resulting ablation of IB4-binding neurons provides evidence for their role in nociceptive processing and demonstrates a rapid compensatory response to signalling of acute pain.

Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), Saporin Goat Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-15), Saporin Goat Polyclonal, HRP-labeled (Cat. #AB-15HRP)

Vogt LJ, Sim-Selley LJ, Childers SR, Wiley RG, Vogt BA (2001) Colocalization of mu-opioid receptors and activated G-proteins in rat cingulate cortex. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 299:840-848.

Summary: The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a primary site of opiate drug action, and much of this activity is associated with the m-opioid receptor (MOR). The mechanisms by which MOR regulates pain in the ACC are not well understood. Using anti-DBH-SAP (7 µg into left lateral ventricle in rat; Cat. #IT-03) the authors mapped MOR activity in the ACC and evaluated the histochemical and behavioral relationships between MOR binding and mu-receptor-activated G-proteins after lesioning.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Wrenn CC, Wiley RG (2001) Lack of effect of moderate Purkinje cell loss on working memory. Neuroscience 107(3):433-445. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00326-8

Summary: When 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) is injected intracerebroventricularly, some p75-expressing cerebellar Purkinje cells are eliminated along with cholinergic neurons. To verify that the effects of basal forebrain lesions on working memory were not caused by loss of these Purkinje cells the authors compared doses of 1 µg OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02) and either 2 µg or 4 µg of 192-Saporin injected into the lateral ventricle. The data show that although similar amounts of Purkinje cells were eliminated by OX7-SAP and the lower dose of 192-Saporin, no working memory deficits resulted. Only the 4-µg dose of 192-Saporin produced working memory deficits, they conclude that this is not due to Purkinje cell loss, but the loss of cholinergic neurons.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02)

Truitt WA, Stanton LA, Coolen LM (2001) Targeted lesions of Substance P receptor cells in L3-4 lumbar spinal cord severely impair male ejaculatory behavior. Neuroscience 2001 Abstracts 958.18. Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, CA.

Summary: Previously we demonstrated the existence of a spinothalamic pathway in the male rat where neural activation is specifically induced by ejaculation. This pathway consists of the parvocellular subparafascicular thalamic nucleus (SPFp) and the neurons projecting to the SPFp that are located in the lumbar spinal cord, specifically in laminae 10 and 7 of segments L3-L4. This neuron population coexpresses galanin (Gal) and substance P receptors (SPR). To test the hypothesis that these cells relay sensory information related to ejaculation, these neurons were lesioned by targeting the SPR with the neurotoxin SSP-saporin, a high affinity analogue of substance P conjugated to the ribosome inhibitor saporin. SSP-saporin (4 ng/µl) or an equal concentration of unconjugated saporin was injected bilaterally into L3-L4 region in either sexually experienced or naïve male Sprague Dawley rats (n=5 each). Sexual behavior was tested weekly, starting ten days following surgery. Following the sixth behavioral test, rats were sacrificed and spinal cord tissue was immunostained for GAL, SPR, or NeuN to assess specific and nonspecific tissue damage. In rats injected with unconjugated saporin, the Gal/SPR cell population was intact and sexual behavior was not altered. In contrast, in rats receiving SSP-saporin, Gal/SPR cell population was significantly decreased (77%) or absent. Moreover, SSP-saporin lesions severely disrupted ejaculatory behavior. Interestingly, display of mounts and intromissions remained intact. These results suggest that Gal/SPR cells in laminae 10 and 7 of L3-4 lumbar spinal cord may be essential for male ejaculatory behavior.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

Dinh TT, Sanders NM, Pedrow C, Ritter S (2001) Selective immunotoxin lesion of spinally projecting norepineprhine and epinephrine (NE/E) neurons impairs the glucagon response to 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG). Neuroscience 2001 Abstracts 947.1. Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, CA.

Summary: Previous work has shown that the targeted immunotoxin, anti-dopamine ß-hydroxylase conjugated to saporin (DSAP), can be used to selectively destroy subpopulations of hindbrain NE/E neurons projecting to or through a particular DSAP injection site. Using this approach, we have shown that NE/E neurons projecting to the hypothalamus are required for feeding and glucocorticoid responses to 2DG-induced glucoprivation and those projecting spinally are required for the adrenal medullary response. In this study, we injected DSAP or unconjugated saporin (SAP) control solution into the spinal cord at T2-T4 to investigate the role of the spinally projecting NE/E neurons in glucagon secretion induced by 2DG (250 mg/kg). Controls injected spinally with unconjugated saporin (SAP) had a glucagon response that peaked at 308% of pre-2DG levels, while DSAP-injected rats had a significantly blunted response to 2DG, peaking at 197% of pre-2DG levels. 2DG-induced hyperglycemia also was impaired in the DSAP rats, but not in the SAP rats. Both SAP and DSAP rats had normal feeding and glucocorticoid responses to 2DG. Results suggest that spinally-projecting NE/E neurons participate in the neural control of glucagon secretion under conditions of glucose deficit. In combination with other findings, these results indicate that hindbrain NE/E neurons contribute to four major glucoregulatory responses (increased feeding, and increased secretion of glucagon, glucocorticoids and adrenal medullary epinephrine) through their projections to hypothalamic or spinal cord effector sites.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Demas GE, Bartness TJ (2001) Novel method for localized, functional sympathetic nervous system denervation of peripheral tissue using guanethidine. J Neurosci Methods 112:21-28. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0270(01)00452-6

Summary: Sympathectomy, or surgical interruption of sympathetic nerve pathways, is an important technique in the analysis of the sympathetic nervous system. The authors investigate and compare several different methods of performing a sympathectomy in hamsters, including surgery, chemical, and immunotoxic lesions using anti-DBH-SAP (ten 2-µl injections, at either 0.65 µg/µl or 0.325 µg/µl, into inguinal white adipose tissue; Cat. #IT-03).

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)