References

Pongratz G, Melzer M, Straub R (2012) The sympathetic nervous system stimulates anti-inflammatory B cells in collagen-type II-induced arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 71(3):432-9. doi: 10.1136/ard.2011.153056

Summary: The sympathetic nervous system exerts anti-inflammatory effects on collagen-induced arthritis. To examine whether these effects are mediated by B-cells producing interleukin-10 (IL-10) the authors treated mice with 5 µg intraperitoneal injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03). The sympathectomy efficacy was assessed by analyzing norepinephrine levels in the spleen. The data suggest that increasing the number of IL-10 producing B cells can slow down arthritis progression.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Fiedler J, Strauss G, Wannack M, Schwiebert S, Seidel K, Henning K, Klopocki E, Schmugge M, Gaedicke G, Schulze H (2012) Two patterns of thrombopoietin signaling suggest no coupling between platelet production and thrombopoietin reactivity in thrombocytopenia-absent radii syndrome. Haematologica 97(1):73-81. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2011.049619 PMID: 21933853

Summary: Lower than normal blood platelet counts result from a congenital disorder called thrombocytopenia (thrombocytopenia absent radii syndrome, or TAR). Recent work indicates a complex pattern of inheritance, and possibly that TAR is at least a digenic disorder. The authors performed an extended study investigating signal transduction via immunoblotting, gel electrophoretic shift assays, and flow cytometry. One of the antibodies used was anti-p70 S6K (Cat. #AB-241). The authors conclude that there are defects in both platelet production and function in TAR.

Related Products: p70 S6K Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-241)

Olarte-Sánchez CM, Valencia Torres L, Body S, Cassaday HJ, Bradshaw CM, Szabadi E (2012) Effect of orexin-B-saporin-induced lesions of the lateral hypothalamus on performance on a progressive ratio schedule. J Psychopharmacol 26(6):871-886. doi: 10.1177/0269881111409607

Summary: It has been suggested that orexigenic neurons in the hypothalamus consist of two anatomically distinct groups. The lateral hypothalamic area group (LHA), which modulates reinforcement mechanisms; and the dorsomedial hypothalamus and perifornical area group involved in regulation of stress and arousal. Rats received bilateral 15 ng injections of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) into the LHA. Results from a progressive ratio model indicate that the lesioned neurons control the motor component of food-reinforced responding.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Bergersen LH, Morland C, Ormel L, Rinholm JE, Larsson M, Wold JFH, Roe AT, Stranna A, Santello M, Bouvier D, Ottersen OP, Volterra A, Gundersen V (2012) Immunogold detection of L-glutamate and D-serine in small synaptic-like microvesicles in adult hippocampal astrocytes. Cereb Cortex 22(7):1690-1697. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhr254 PMID: 21914633

Summary: Verifying the presence of D-serine in astrocyte vesicles would help resolve whether astrocytes produce rapid gliotransmitter exocytosis for the purpose of neuromodulation. In one of a series of experiments the authors looked at D-serine levels with anti-L-glutamate (Cat. #AB-T08). The results suggest that domains of astrocytes can acquire local Ca2+ increases that trigger glutamate and D-serine release.

Related Products: L-Glutamate Rabbit Polyclonal, Conjugated (Cat. #AB-T08)

Wiater MF, Mukherjee S, Li AJ, Dinh TT, Rooney EM, Simasko SM, Ritter S (2011) Circadian integration of sleep-wake and feeding requires NPY receptor-expressing neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301(5):R1569-R1583. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00168.2011 PMID: 21880863

Summary: Feeding and sleep/wake states interact rhythmically across the circadian cycle. It is suspected that the mediobasal hypothalamic area (MBH) is the site where these rhythms are integrated. The authors administered bilateral 24-ng injections of NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28) into the arcuate nucleus in order to eliminate NPY receptor-expressing neurons in the MBH of rats. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. The results indicate that these neurons are required for the interaction of feeding and sleep/wake timing.

Related Products: NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

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Lemons LL, Wiley RG (2011) Galanin receptor-expressing dorsal horn neurons: role in nociception. Neuropeptides 45(6):377-383. doi: 10.1016/j.npep.2011.08.002

Summary: This work examines the mociceptive role of galanin receptor-1-expressing neurons found in the superficial dorsal horn. 500 ng of galanin-SAP (Cat. #IT-34) was injected into the lumbar intrathecal space of rats; blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. The rats were then tested in a series of thermal nociception models. Lesioned animals were less sensitive to heat, suggesting that loss of the gal1r-expressing excitatory interneurons disrupted the pain transmission pathway.

Related Products: Galanin-SAP (Cat. #IT-34), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Ritter S, Li AJ, Wang Q, Dinh TT (2011) Minireview: The value of looking backward: the essential role of the hindbrain in counterregulatory responses to glucose deficit. Endocrinology 152(11):4019-4032. doi: 10.1210/en.2010-1458

Summary: This review examines work addressing how particular glucose-sensing cells function in glucoregulation under specific physiological or pathological conditions. There are specific populations of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) neurons in the hindbrain that mediate these responses. The use of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) to eliminate selective NE/E subgroups without disrupting basic functions is discussed.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Lin Y, Sarfraz Y, Jensen A, Dunn AJ, Stone EA (2011) Participation of brainstem monoaminergic nuclei in behavioral depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 100(2):330-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.08.021

Summary: While the classical model states reductions in central noradrenergic activity produces depression, more recent work has indicated that higher activity in this brain region directly correlates with depression. Using a dopamine-ß-hydroxlase targeted toxin to lesion the locus coeruleus of mice, along with goat-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-19) as a control, the authors found that treated animals showed increased resistance to depressive behavior in several tests. The results suggest that monoaminergic lesions are greatly affected by mouse strain, lesion size, and involvement of other neuronal systems.

Related Products: Goat IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-19)

Jeong DU, Chang WS, Hwang YS, Lee D, Chang JW (2011) Decrease of GABAergic Markers and Arc Protein Expression in the Frontal Cortex by Intraventricular 192 IgG-Saporin. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 32(1):70-78. doi: 10.1159/000330741

Summary: The authors examined the use of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) to establish a standardized model for dementia. Rats received several different doses of toxin in bilateral intraventricular injections. This injection method resulted in reliable memory impairment in a behavioral test, decreased GABAergic activity in the frontal cortex affecting spatial memory, and no change in the hippocampus. Using this technique, 8 µg of 192-IgG-SAP produced the optimal memory impairment.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Klinkenberg I, Sambeth A, Blokland A (2011) Acetylcholine and attention. Behav Brain Res 221(2):430-442. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.033

Summary: This review article summarizes studies investigating the role of acetylcholine in attention and cognition. The roles of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) and mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16) in these experiments is discussed. Acetylcholine is thought to play a top-down role in the prefrontal, parietal, and somatosensory regions; playing an important role in the control of attentional orienting and stimulus discrimination.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)