Marshall RS, D’Avila F, Di Cola A, Traini R, Spano L, Fabbrini MS, Ceriotti A (2011) Signal peptide-regulated toxicity of a plant ribosome-inactivating protein during cell stress. Plant J 65(2):218-29. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04413.x PMID: 21223387

Summary: Type I ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) are thought to have a role in defending plants against viral or fungal infections. Most type I RIPs have signal peptides for insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum, followed by transportation to a vacuole or the cell wall. The authors examined signal peptide regulation under stress in tobacco plants transfected with saporin. One method of analysis was western blots using anti-saporin (Cat. #AB-15).

Related Products: Saporin Goat Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-15)

Vulchanova L, Olson TH, Stone LS, Riedl MS, Elde R, Honda CN (2001) Cytotoxic targeting of isolectin IB4-binding sensory neurons. Neuroscience 108(1):143-155. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00377-3 PMID: 11738138

Summary: Vulchanova et al. examine the role of IB4-binding neurons in nociception. IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10) was injected into rats (2 µg in left sciatic nerve). The resulting ablation of IB4-binding neurons provides evidence for their role in nociceptive processing and demonstrates a rapid compensatory response to signalling of acute pain.

Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), Saporin Goat Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-15), Saporin Goat Polyclonal, HRP-labeled (Cat. #AB-15HRP)

Waite JJ, Chen AD (2001) Differential changes in rat cholinergic parameters subsequent to immunotoxic lesion of the basal forebrain nuclei. Brain Res 918:113-120. doi: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02968-7 PMID: 11684049

Summary: 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) is used extensively to eliminate the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain in rats. Waite and Chen compare the degree of loss between 192-Saporin (6 or 8.2 µg in 10 µl into left lateral ventricle) and control (Saporin, 1.82 µg into left lateral ventricle; Cat. #PR-01) using three methods: Assay of post mortem choline acetyltransferase activity, in vivo microdialysis of extracellular acetylcholine (ACh), and in vivo assessment of the rate of ACh synthesis. The infusion of saporin alone had no effect. After fifteen weeks, the authors report compensation of cholinergic activity in lesioned animals occurs in the hippocampus, but not in the frontal cortex as determined by measurement of the rate of ACh synthesis.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Saporin Goat Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-15), Saporin Chicken Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-17AP), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Fabbrini MS, Carpani D, Soria MR, Ceriotti A (2000) Cytosolic immunization allows the expression of preATF-saporin chimeric toxin in eukaryotic cells. FASEB J 14(2):391-398. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.14.2.391 PMID: 10657995

Related Products: Saporin Goat Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-15)

Mantyh PW, Rogers SD, Honore P, Allen BJ, Ghilardi JR, Li J, Daughters RS, Lappi DA, Wiley RG, Simone DA (1997) Inhibition of hyperalgesia by ablation of lamina I spinal neurons expressing the substance P receptor. Science 278:275-279. doi: 10.1126/science.278.5336.275 PMID: 9323204

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01), Saporin Chicken Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-17AP), Saporin Goat Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-15), Saporin Goat Polyclonal, HRP-labeled (Cat. #AB-15HRP), SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07), Antibody to NK-1 Receptor (Cat. #AB-N04)

Stirpe F, Barbieri L, Battelli MG, Soria M, Lappi DA (1992) Ribosome-inactivating proteins from plants: present status and future prospects. Bio/Technol 10:405-412. doi: 10.1038/nbt0492-405 PMID: 1368484

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01), Saporin Chicken Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-17AP), Saporin Goat Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-15), MonoBiotin-ZAP (Cat. #BT-ZAP)

Lappi DA, Esch FS, Barbieri L, Stirpe F, Soria M (1985) Characterization of a Saponaria officinalis seed ribosome-inactivating protein: immunoreactivity and sequence homologies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 129:934-942. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(85)91981-3 PMID: 3925952

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01), Saporin Chicken Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-17AP), Saporin Goat Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-15), MonoBiotin-ZAP (Cat. #BT-ZAP)

Stirpe F, Gasperi-Campani A, Barbieri L, Falasca A, Abbondanza A, Stevens WA (1983) Ribosome-inactivating proteins from the seeds of Saponaria officinalis L. (soapwort) of Agrostemma githago L. (corn cockle) and of Asparagus officinalis (asparagus) and from the latex of Hura crepitans L. (sandbox tree). Biochem J 216:617-625. doi: 10.1042/bj2160617 PMID: 6667259

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01), Saporin Chicken Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-17AP), Saporin Goat Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-15), MonoBiotin-ZAP (Cat. #BT-ZAP)

Gupta S, Kesler MT, Scantlebury MH, Sloviter RS, Teskey GC (2026) Modeling temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis in rats using the selective neurotoxin stable substance P-saporin. Epilepsia doi: 10.1002/epi.70322 PMID: 42220243

Objective: To determine the time course of SSP-­SAP-­induced epileptogenesis, as well as the loss of principal cells and astrogliosis, two defining features of Temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-­ HS+)

Summary: Temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-­ HS+) is a common and often refractory form of human epilepsy. SSP-­SAP was internalized within 2 h after injection and was immunocytochemically undetectable by 5 days. Rats exhibited spontaneous electrographic and behavioral reactive seizures between days 4 and 6 after SSP-­SAP injection, with most seizures having a Racine score of either 1 or 2. This study confirms that the SSP-­ SAP model reproduces the defining features of human TLE and that a primary, selective, and longitudinally extensive γ- aminobutyric acidergic defect is sufficient to trigger epileptogenesis that results in TLE-­HS+.

Usage: 150 nL of SSP-SAP (0.04 ng/nL, IT-11) was injected at a rate of 1 nL/s into four unilateral sites along the longitudinal axis of the rat dentate gyrus. To determine the time course for SSP-­ SAP internalization (n=4), rats were perfused at 2 h and 1, 3, and 5 days following SSP-­ SAP administration. Following coronal cryosectioning of the hippocampus, sections were placed in a 500-­μL solution of 1:350 Saporin Goat Polyclonal, affinity-purified Alexa 488 (AB-15AP-FLA) and .01 mol·L−1 PBS at room temperature overnight. Sections were inspected and imaged at 40× with 4× digital zoom using an Olympus Fluoview FV3000 confocal microscope.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), Saporin Goat Polyclonal, affinity-purified Alexa488-labeled (Cat. #AB-15AP-FLA)

Zuppone S, Zarovni N, Noguchi K, Loria F, Morasso C, Lõhmus A, Nakase I, Vago R (2024) Novel loading protocol combines highly efficient encapsulation of exogenous therapeutic toxin with preservation of extracellular vesicles properties, uptake and cargo activity. Discov Nano 19(1):76. doi: 10.1186/s11671-024-04022-8 PMID: 38691254

Objective: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been investigated as carriers of biological therapeutics such as proteins and RNA as well as small-molecule drugs. The objective was to test a strategy of EV loading based on temporary pH alteration through incubation of EVs with alkaline sodium carbonate, which results in conspicuous exogenous molecule incorporation.

Summary: The encapsulated saporin resulted protected from degradation and was efficiently conveyed to receiving cancer cells and triggered cell death. EV-delivered saporin was more cytotoxic compared to the free toxin. This approach allows both the structural preservation of vesicle properties and the transfer of protected cargo in the context of drug delivery.

Usage: Authors used fluorescently labeled saporin, SAP-FITC, and a nano-sized EV-to-cargo ratio of 1:1.5 (w:w).

Related Products: Saporin Goat Polyclonal, affinity-purified FITC-labeled (Cat. #AB-15AP-FL)