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Toxins in Neurobiology: New tools from old molecules.
Vetter I (2018) Toxins in Neurobiology: New tools from old molecules. Neurosci Lett 679:1-3. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.05.008
Summary: The selective ablation of neurokinin-1 receptor-expressing neurons by SP-SAP revealed a key role for the preBötzinger complex in the generation of respiratory rhythm. Toxin-mediated neuronal ablation may also find therapeutic applications, such as the treatment of severe refractory pain in terminally ill patients by intrathecal SP-SAP which causes selective loss of neurokinin-1 receptor-expressing neurons in the spinal cord dorsal horn.
Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)
Early CALP2 expression and microglial activation are potential inducers of spinal IL-6 upregulation and bilateral pain following motor nerve injury
Chen SX, Wang SK, Yao PW, Liao GJ, Na XD, Li YY, Zeng WA, Liu XG, Zang Y (2018) Early CALP2 expression and microglial activation are potential inducers of spinal IL-6 upregulation and bilateral pain following motor nerve injury. J Neurochem 145:154-169. doi: 10.1111/jnc.14317
Related Products: Mac-1-SAP rat (Cat. #IT-33)
Circuit dissection of the role of somatostatin in itch and pain
Huang J, Polgár E, Solinski HJ, Mishra SK, Tseng PY, Iwagaki N, Boyle KA, Dickie AC, Kriegbaum MC, Wildner H, Zeilhofer HU, Watanabe M, Riddell JS, Todd AJ, Hoon MA (2018) Circuit dissection of the role of somatostatin in itch and pain. Nat Neurosci 21(5):707-716. doi: 10.1038/s41593-018-0119-z
Objective: To determine the role of somatostatin in itch and pain.
Summary: Results define the neural circuit underlying somatostatin-induced itch and characterize a contrasting antinociceptive role for the peptide.
Usage: Ablation of Npr1- and GRPR-expressing spinal cord interneurons was accomplished by intrathecal (segment L3/4) injection of Nppb-SAP (4 μg/10 μL) and Bombesin-SAP (2.5 μg) respectively.
Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69)
Targeting macrophage and microglia activation with colony stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor is an effective strategy to treat injury-triggered neuropathic pain
Lee S, Shi XQ, Fan A, West B, Zhang J (2018) Targeting macrophage and microglia activation with colony stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor is an effective strategy to treat injury-triggered neuropathic pain. Mol Pain 14:1744806918764979. doi: 10.1177/1744806918764979
Summary: Depletion of spinal microglia with Mac-1-SAP was able to prevent and reverse neuropathic pain behavior.
Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06)
Modulation of chronic post-thoracotomy pain by NK-1 neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla is not paralleled by changes spinal MAPKinase activation.
Strichartz G, Khasabov S, Barr T, Wang J, Simone D (2018) Modulation of chronic post-thoracotomy pain by NK-1 neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla is not paralleled by changes spinal MAPKinase activation. J Pain 19:S14. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.12.065
Objective: To evaluate SSP-SAP in treatment of tactile hypersensitivity for Chronic Post-Thoractotomy Pain (CPTP).
Summary: SSP-SAP 3 weeks before thoracotomy and rib retraction (TRR) was able to completely prevent CPTP, assayed by tactile hypersensitivity.
Usage: Ablation of Neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R)- expressing neurons in the rat rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), by micro-injection of the specific neurotoxin SSP-SAP. No effect with treatment of control, Blank-SAP (IT-21).
Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor mediates peripheral nerve injury-induced hypersensitivity by curbing dopaminergic descending inhibition.
Wang X, Ma S, Wu H, Shen X, Xu S, Guo X, Bolick ML, Wu S, Wang F (2018) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor mediates peripheral nerve injury-induced hypersensitivity by curbing dopaminergic descending inhibition. Exp Mol Med 50(2):e445. doi: 10.1038/emm.2017.271
Objective: To investigate whether the proinflammatory cytokine MIF participates in the regulation of neuropathic hypersensitivity by interacting with and suppressing the descending dopaminergic system.
Summary: MIF functions as a braking factor in curbing dopaminergic descending inhibition in peripheral nerve injury-induced hypersensitivity by mediating Th gene methylation through G9a/SUV39H1-associated H3K9 methylation.
Usage: Anti-DAT-SAP was injected i.t. or i.c.v. with ISO-1 alone or ISO-1 combined with one of the other regulators on Day 7 post-nerve injury for 14 days, and pain behaviors, including 50% withdrawal threshold, mechanical pressure and thermal withdrawal latency, were observed throughout the 70 days post nerve injury.
Related Products: Anti-DAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-25)
Fentanyl induces rapid onset hyperalgesic priming: Type I at peripheral and type II at central nociceptor terminals.
Araldi D, Khomula EV, Ferrari LF, Levine JD (2018) Fentanyl induces rapid onset hyperalgesic priming: Type I at peripheral and type II at central nociceptor terminals. J Neurosci 38(9):2226-2245. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3476-17.2018
Objective: To evaluate priming, at both nociceptor terminals, the effect of local administration of agents that reverse type I (protein translation) or type II [combination of Src and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)] priming
Summary: Fentanyl, acting at the -opioid receptor (MOR), induces hyperalgesia and hyperalgesic priming at both the central and peripheral terminal of nociceptors and this is mediated by endoplasmic reticulum Ca2 signaling. Priming in the central terminal is type II, whereas that in the peripheral terminal is type I. Our findings may provide useful information for the design of drugs with improved therapeutic profiles, selectively disrupting individual MOR signaling pathways, to maintain an adequate long-lasting control of pain.
Usage: IB4-SAP was diluted in saline and a dose of 3.2 μg in a volume of 20 μl and administered intrathecally 14 d before experiments
Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10)
CD44 signaling mediates high molecular weight hyaluronan-induced antihyperalgesia.
Ferrari LF, Khomula EV, Araldi D, Levine JD (2018) CD44 signaling mediates high molecular weight hyaluronan-induced antihyperalgesia. J Neurosci 38(2):308-321. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2695-17.2017
Objective: To study the role of the cognate hyaluronan receptor, CD44, signaling in anti-hyperalgesia induced by high molecular weight hyaluronan (HMWH).
Summary: These results demonstrate the central role of CD44 signaling in HMWH-induced anti-hyperalgesia, and establish it as a therapeutic target against inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
Usage: Both IB4-SAP and SSP-SAP were diluted in saline to doses previously shown to deplete nonpeptidergic (3.2 mcg/rat for IB4-SAP) and peptidergic (100 ng/rat for SSP-SAP) fibers. The toxins were administered intrathecally, in a volume of 20 mcl, 14 d before intradermal injection of LMWH on the dorsum of the hindpaw. Treatment with either conjugate, or a combination of the two, did not significantly affect mechanical nociceptive threshold.
Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), Anti-CD44-SAP (Cat. #IT-72)
Allopregnanolone suppresses mechanical allodynia and internalization of neurokinin-1 receptors at the spinal dorsal horn in a rat postoperative pain model
Fujita M, Fukuda T, Sato Y, Takasusuki T, Tanaka M (2018) Allopregnanolone suppresses mechanical allodynia and internalization of neurokinin-1 receptors at the spinal dorsal horn in a rat postoperative pain model. Korean J Pain 31:10-15. doi: 10.3344/kjp.2018.31.1.10. PMID: 29372021
Objective: To identify a new strategy for postoperative pain management, this study investigated the analgesic effects of allopregnanolone (Allo) in an incisional pain model, and its effects on the activities of the primary afferent fibers at the dorsal horn.
Summary: Systemic administration of Allopregnanolone inhibited mechanical allodynia and activities of the primary afferent fibers at the dorsal horn in a rat postoperative pain model. Allopregnanolone was proposed as a candidate for postoperative pain management.
Usage: Fluorescence immunohistochemistry: Six sections per animal were labeled with primary antiserum, rabbit anti-NK-1R (1:3000).
Related Products: NK-1 Receptor Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N33AP)
Attenuation of the infiltration of angiotensin ii expressing CD3+ T-cells and the modulation of nerve growth factor in lumbar dorsal root ganglia – a possible mechanism underpinning analgesia produced by EMA300, an Angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor antagonist
Khan N, Muralidharan A, Smith MT (2017) Attenuation of the infiltration of angiotensin ii expressing CD3+ T-cells and the modulation of nerve growth factor in lumbar dorsal root ganglia – a possible mechanism underpinning analgesia produced by EMA300, an Angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor antagonist. Front Mol Neurosci 10:389. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00389 PMID: 29200998
Objective: To investigate the cellular and molecular mechanism of action of selective small molecule angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor antagonists in the alleviation of peripheral neuropathic pain.
Summary: The analgesic effect of EMA300 in CCI-rats involves multimodal actions that appear to be mediated at least in part by a significant reduction in the otherwise increased expression levels of Ang II as well as the number of Ang II-expressing CD3+ T-cells in the ipsilateral lumbar DRGs of CCI-rats.
Usage: Immunocytochemistry; specifically labeled HEK cells expressing the AT2 but not the AT1 receptor or the non-transfected HEK-cells.
Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-2R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N28AP)