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Consequences of the ablation of nonpeptidergic afferents in an animal model of trigeminal neuropathic pain.
Taylor AM, Osikowicz M, Ribeiro-da-Silva A (2012) Consequences of the ablation of nonpeptidergic afferents in an animal model of trigeminal neuropathic pain. Pain 153(6):1311-1319. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.03.023
Summary: The authors used IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10; 3.2 μg injected into the mental nerve) to eliminate C-fibers in the lower lip of rats to see if this was enough to induce the sprouting of autonomic fibers. Saporin alone (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Only parasympathetic fibers sprouted in these animals, but after nerve ligation surgery both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers sprouted.
Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Depletion of endogenous noradrenaline does not prevent spinal cord plasticity following peripheral nerve injury.
Hayashida K, Peters CM, Gutierrez S, Eisenach JC (2012) Depletion of endogenous noradrenaline does not prevent spinal cord plasticity following peripheral nerve injury. J Pain 13(1):49-57. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2011.09.009
Summary: The authors examined what involvement noradrenergic fibers in the spinal cord have in neuronal and glial plasticity associated with neuropathic pain states. Rats received 5 μg intrathecal injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03). Lesioned animals did not display altered mechanical withdrawal thresholds, but L5-L6 spinal nerve ligation in these animals caused enhanced mechanical hypersensitivity and analgesia induced by intrathecal clonidine. The data suggest that endogenous noradrenaline may play an inhibitory role on glial activation.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)
The role of descending facilitation in the initiation and maintenance of mechanical hypersensitivity following inflammation
Carr F, Géranton SM, Hunt SP (2011) The role of descending facilitation in the initiation and maintenance of mechanical hypersensitivity following inflammation. Neuroscience 2011 Abstracts 702.10. Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC.
Summary: Central sensitisation is the key mechanism involved in the generation of mechanical hypersensitivity associated with tissue injury. Dorsal horn excitability is subject to regulation by descending modulation via the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) and enhanced descending facilitation under conditions of persistent nociceptive input contributes to the maintenance of mechanical hypersensitivity in chronic pain states. Depletion of mu-opioid receptor expressing (MOR+) cells of the RVM and depletion of spinal serotonin have been used previously to demonstrate the contribution of descending facilitation to the maintenance of neuropathic pain. Here we have used the same ablation techniques to investigate the contribution of descending pathways to the initiation and maintenance of mechanical hypersensitivity associated with ankle joint inflammation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (215-220g at the time of injection) received bilateral microinjections of the selective cytotoxin dermorphin-saporin (1.5pM each side). 28 days later the animals received either an injection of 10μl Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) to the left ankle joint or underwent a sham procedure. Mechanical hypersensitivity of the hindpaw plantar surface was assessed using von Frey hairs from 2 hours up to 8 days post CFA injection. In a separate group of rats (160-180g at the time of injection) depletion of spinal serotonin was out carried out by intrathecal administration of 5,7-dihydroxytrptamine (5,7-DHT). Animals received either 10 μl of 5,7-DHT in saline (6μg/μl) or vehicle control. 6 days later animals received either CFA injection or underwent a sham procedure and mechanical hypersensitivity was assessed as in the dermorphin-saporin experiment. Depletion of the MOR+ cells of the RVM and of spinal serotonin was confirmed using immunohistochemistry. Dermoprhin-saporin pre-treatment resulted in significantly increased paw withdrawal thresholds from 6 hours up to 8 days following CFA injection (p < 0.01, ANOVA with repeated measures). In contrast depletion of spinal serotonin by 5,7-DHT led to a smaller attenuation of mechanical hypersensitivity at 24 hours and 48 hours following inflammation (LSD post hoc test, p < 0.01) but did not result in significantly increased paw withdrawal thresholds at the earlier time points.
Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12)
Transmission of neuropathic pain by spinal neurons expressing the NPY Y1 receptor
Donahue RR, Corder GF, Mcnamara KC, Wiley RG, Taylor BK (2011) Transmission of neuropathic pain by spinal neurons expressing the NPY Y1 receptor. Neuroscience 2011 Abstracts 179.16. Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC.
Summary: Endogenous neuropeptide Y (NPY) acts at Y receptors in the dorsal spinal cord to exert a tonic inhibitory control of chronic allodynia (Solway et al, PNAS 108:7224-9, 2011). In this and the adjacent presentation, we tested the hypothesis that NPY does this by inhibiting Y1 receptors on pain transmission neurons or on central terminals of primary afferent neurons. We selectively lesioned cells expressing the NPY receptors in the dorsal horn with intrathecal administration of the NPY-conjugated ribosomal toxin, NPY-saporin. NPY-saporin significantly reduced the population of Y1 receptors in the lumbar dorsal horn by over 50%. Neither NK1 receptors in the dorsal horn, nor neuronal counts in the DRG were affected, suggesting a specific effect on Y1+, NK1- neurons in the dorsal horn, while sparing Y1+ central presynaptic terminals. Fourteen days later, we ligated the tibial and common peroneal branches of the sciatic nerve (spared nerve injury, SNI), and evaluated the development of allodynia and hyperalgesia on post-SNI days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42. When compared to saporin controls, NPY-saporin (1000 ng) decreased mechanical allodynia (von Frey threshold), cold allodynia (paw withdrawal response to application of a drop of acetone) and mechanical hyperalgesia (paw response to blunt pin). This effect began three days after SNI and lasted until forty two days after SNI. When injected in uninjured rats, NPY-saporin did not disrupt motor coordination (accelerating rotarod), baseline heat or mechanical thresholds, or animal activity levels. We conclude that Y1-expressing cells in the dorsal horn exert a tonic facilitatory control of neuropathic pain, and partially mediate the inhibitory actions of NPY.
Related Products: NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28)
Morphine-induced pain hypersensitivity, but not opioid tolerance, depends on microglia-mediated alteration of Cl- homeostasis in spinal dorsal horn
Ferrini F, Mattioli TAM, Lorenzo L-E, Godin A, Wiseman PW, Ribeiro-Da-Silva A, Cahill CM, Milne B, De Koninck Y (2010) Morphine-induced pain hypersensitivity, but not opioid tolerance, depends on microglia-mediated alteration of Cl- homeostasis in spinal dorsal horn. Neuroscience 2010 Abstracts 678.9/PP14. Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, CA.
Summary: Prolonged morphine exposure leads to a reduction of the antinociceptive effect (opioid tolerance) and to an increase in pain sensitivity. Recent evidences suggest that these side effects share similar mechanisms with those underlying neuropathic pain. We have shown that the release of BDNF by activated microglia following peripheral nerve injury causes a decrease in KCC2 activity in the spinal dorsal horn (DH) and weakens Cl−-mediated inhibition through GABAA and glycine receptors. Here, we tested the hypothesis that a similar cascade of events underlies morphine-induced pain hypersensitivity. Adult rats, receiving either morphine (10mg/Kg s.c. twice a day) or saline, were tested for nociceptive thresholds prior to and 1 h after morphine injections each day. Morphine induced tolerance within 2 days and hyperalgesia within 5 days. The hyperalgesia, but not the tolerance, was reversed by intrathecal (i.t.) administration of the anti-mac1 saporin-conjugated antibody (an immunotoxin targeted against microglia) or a TrkB blocking antibody, confirming involvement of both microglia and BDNF in the morphine-dependent hyperalgesia. Microglial activation was confirmed by an increased OX-42 staining after chronic morphine and was blocked by i.t. (-)-naloxone, as well as by (+)-naloxone. Interestingly, (+)-naloxone, while prevented microglia activation, had little effect on morphine tolerance. After 7 days of treatment, rats were sacrificed and DH lamina I-II neurons were recorded by imposing a Cl- load (29 mM). A depolarizing shift in EGABA was observed in lamina I neurons from morphine-treated rats (-42 ± 1 mV, n=6) compared to controls (-50 ± 2 mV, n=5, P<0.05) indicating a weaker Cl- extrusion capacity in these cells. A similar effect was also observed following 3h in vitro incubation of spinal cord slices with morphine (1 μM). No change in EGABA was observed either in the presence of opioid receptor antagonists or the TrkB blocking antibody, confirming the involvement of BDNF in the morphine-signalling pathway. Interestingly, morphine did not produce any change in EGABA in lamina II neurons. To confirm the participation of altered Cl- homeostasis on morphine-induced hyperalgesia in vivo, we administered the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide (i.t.) to minimize the bicarbonate-mediated component of GABAA/glycine currents. Acetazolamide was sufficient to restore inhibition in spinal DH neurons and to reverse the morphine-dependent hyperalgesia. Our data suggest that microglial activation and BDNF release following chronic morphine treatment may alter Cl- extrusion capacity of spinal lamina I neurons and increase pain hypersensitivity.
Related Products: Mac-1-SAP rat (Cat. #IT-33)
Decreasing abnormal nocifensive responses in the bilateral chronic constriction injury (bCCI) model of neuropathic pain: Effects of lumbar intrathecal CCK-saporin
Datta S, Chatterjee K, Wiley R (2010) Decreasing abnormal nocifensive responses in the bilateral chronic constriction injury (bCCI) model of neuropathic pain: Effects of lumbar intrathecal CCK-saporin. Neuroscience 2010 Abstracts 175.22/MM12. Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, CA.
Summary: The bCCI model produces long lasting -cold hyperalgesia (at least 100 days) along with decreases in staining for cholecystokinin (CCK) in the dorsal horn (DH). Spinal cholecystokinin (CCK) has anti-opiate activity, and selective destruction of DH neurons expressing CCK receptors by injection of intrathecal CCK-saporin, in naïve rats decreases thermal nocifensive reflex responses and is additive with morphine in decreasing nocifensive responses to heat. In the present study, we sought to determine the effects of intrathecal CCK-sap in the bCCI model of neuropathic pain in Long Evans female rats. bCCI rats underwent bilateral ligation of the sciatic nerves with chromic gut sutures. Controls underwent sham surgery with no ligation. Rats were tested on 0.3 C cold plate, thermal preference task (TPT) (shuttle box with floor temperatures of 15 C vs 45 C) and mechanical stimulation (von Frey). bCCI produced increased responses on the cold plate. 21 days after the bCCI surgery, the rats were injected with 1500 ng CCK-sap into the lumber CSF. Then, thermal and mechanical testing was repeated at intervals. Intrathecal CCK-sap injections decreased abnormal nocifensive responding of bCCI rats on the cold plate. CCK-sap reduced withdrawal responses to mechanical stimulation in bCCI rats. In TPT testing, the bCCI animals were hyperalgesic to cold (reduced cold side occupancy). After intrathecal CCK-sap injections, thermal preference was reversed (increased cold side occupancy). We interpret these results as showing that CCK-sap reverses abnormal nocifensive responses of bCCI in rats to aversive cold and mechanical stimuli. These results suggest that silencing CCK receptor-expressing superficial DH neurons is a potential strategy for development of new treatments for chronic neuropathic pain.
Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31)
Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor in the spinal cord mediates mechanical allodynia following nerve injury
Li C, Back S, Lee J, Baek SK, Na H (2010) Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor in the spinal cord mediates mechanical allodynia following nerve injury. Neuroscience 2010 Abstracts 176.2/OO4. Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, CA.
Summary: Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) has been suggested as an itch-specific gene in the spinal cord (Sun et al., Nature, 2009). They described that selective ablation of GRPR-expressing lamina I neurons led to deficits in itch-related scratching behaviors without any effects on pain behaviors including nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia. It has been known that two types of mechanical allodynia, such as static and dynamic allodynia, can be detectable in neuropathic patients, and may be mediated by distinct mechanisms. In the present study, we investigated the role of spinal GRPR in each of static and dynamic allodynia using both rat- and mouse-tail models of neuropathic pain. Bombesin-saporin (bombesin-sap) was administered intrathecally to ablate spinal GRPR-expressing neurons. Scratching behaviors evoked by pruritogenic agents, such as serotonin and chloroquine, and physiological pain behaviors were analyzed before nerve injury. Static or dynamic allodynia was assessed by the application of von Frey filaments to the tail or brushing the tail with a filament, respectively. RC3095, a GRPR antagonist, was given intrathecally to see its effects on static and dynamic allodynia in neuropathic rats. Bombesin-sap treatment resulted in reduction of GRPR-immunoreactive cells in lamina I of spinal dorsal horn and scratching deficits. Physiological pain behaviors of these animals were not different from those of control animals. Following the partial injury of tail-innervating nerves, animals treated with bombesin-sap exhibited comparable dynamic allodynia to control one. However, they failed to manifest static allodynia during the entire experimental period. In addition, RC3095 relieved static, but not dynamic, allodynia. These findings suggest that spinal GRPR mediates nerve injury-induced static mechanical allodynia as well as itching sensation in normal state.
Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40)
Noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus contribute to neuropathic pain.
Brightwell JJ, Taylor BK (2009) Noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus contribute to neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 160:174-185. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.02.023
Summary: Noradrenergic neurons were eliminated with 5 µg intracerebroventricular injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03). Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as a control. Animals lesioned with anti-DBH-SAP displayed a reduction in behavioral signs of several kinds of allodynia.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)
Dependence of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 induced hyperalgesia on the isolectin B4-binding protein versican.
Bogen O, Dina OA, Gear RW, Levine JD (2009) Dependence of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 induced hyperalgesia on the isolectin B4-binding protein versican. Neuroscience 159:780-786. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.12.049
Summary: Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) is involved in generation of inflammatory and neuropathic pain, but the mechanisms underlying this involvement are not understood. Rats received 3.2 µg intrathecal injections of IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10). Ten days later the rats received intradermal MCP-1. Animals treated with IB4-SAP did not exhibit the mechanical hyperalgesia normally seen when treated with MCP-1.
Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10)
Neuropathic pain is maintained by brainstem neurons co-expressing opioid and cholecystokinin receptors.
Zhang W, Gardell S, Zhang D, Xie JY, Agnes RS, Badghisi H, Hruby VJ, Rance N, Ossipov MH, Vanderah TW, Porreca F, Lai J (2009) Neuropathic pain is maintained by brainstem neurons co-expressing opioid and cholecystokinin receptors. Brain 132:778-787. doi: 10.1093/brain/awn330
Summary: It has been hypothesized that a subset of rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) neurons co-expressing the cholecystokinin type 2 receptor and the mu-opioid receptor are responsible for the maintenance of neuropathic pain. Rats were treated with 50-ng bilateral RVM injections of Dermorphin-SAP (Cat. #IT-12), CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31), or saporin (Cat. #PR-01) as a control. Lesion of the RVM neurons prevented hyperalgesia in response to CCK treatment, and shortened abnormal pain states caused by sciatic nerve injury.
Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12), CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)