2011 Targeting Trends Review

Savage S, Kehr J, Olson L, Mattsson A (2011) Impaired social interaction and enhanced sensitivity to phencyclidine-induced deficits in novel object recognition in rats with cortical cholinergic denervation. Neuroscience 195:60-69. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.027

Summary: Forebrain cholinergic dysfunction is thought to be part of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The authors lesioned the cholinergic corticopetal projection of rats by infusing 0.081 µg of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. The lesioned animals displayed a reduction in the duration of social interaction. When the lesioned animals were then given PCP, they were no longer able to recognize a novel object. The data suggest a role of cholinergic hypofunction in the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Pongratz G, Melzer M, Straub R (2012) The sympathetic nervous system stimulates anti-inflammatory B cells in collagen-type II-induced arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 71(3):432-9. doi: 10.1136/ard.2011.153056

Summary: The sympathetic nervous system exerts anti-inflammatory effects on collagen-induced arthritis. To examine whether these effects are mediated by B-cells producing interleukin-10 (IL-10) the authors treated mice with 5 µg intraperitoneal injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03). The sympathectomy efficacy was assessed by analyzing norepinephrine levels in the spleen. The data suggest that increasing the number of IL-10 producing B cells can slow down arthritis progression.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Olarte-Sánchez CM, Valencia Torres L, Body S, Cassaday HJ, Bradshaw CM, Szabadi E (2012) Effect of orexin-B-saporin-induced lesions of the lateral hypothalamus on performance on a progressive ratio schedule. J Psychopharmacol 26(6):871-886. doi: 10.1177/0269881111409607

Summary: It has been suggested that orexigenic neurons in the hypothalamus consist of two anatomically distinct groups. The lateral hypothalamic area group (LHA), which modulates reinforcement mechanisms; and the dorsomedial hypothalamus and perifornical area group involved in regulation of stress and arousal. Rats received bilateral 15 ng injections of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) into the LHA. Results from a progressive ratio model indicate that the lesioned neurons control the motor component of food-reinforced responding.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Wiater MF, Mukherjee S, Li AJ, Dinh TT, Rooney EM, Simasko SM, Ritter S (2011) Circadian integration of sleep-wake and feeding requires NPY receptor-expressing neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301(5):R1569-R1583. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00168.2011 PMID: 21880863

Summary: Feeding and sleep/wake states interact rhythmically across the circadian cycle. It is suspected that the mediobasal hypothalamic area (MBH) is the site where these rhythms are integrated. The authors administered bilateral 24-ng injections of NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28) into the arcuate nucleus in order to eliminate NPY receptor-expressing neurons in the MBH of rats. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. The results indicate that these neurons are required for the interaction of feeding and sleep/wake timing.

Related Products: NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

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Lemons LL, Wiley RG (2011) Galanin receptor-expressing dorsal horn neurons: role in nociception. Neuropeptides 45(6):377-383. doi: 10.1016/j.npep.2011.08.002

Summary: This work examines the mociceptive role of galanin receptor-1-expressing neurons found in the superficial dorsal horn. 500 ng of galanin-SAP (Cat. #IT-34) was injected into the lumbar intrathecal space of rats; blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. The rats were then tested in a series of thermal nociception models. Lesioned animals were less sensitive to heat, suggesting that loss of the gal1r-expressing excitatory interneurons disrupted the pain transmission pathway.

Related Products: Galanin-SAP (Cat. #IT-34), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Lin Y, Sarfraz Y, Jensen A, Dunn AJ, Stone EA (2011) Participation of brainstem monoaminergic nuclei in behavioral depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 100(2):330-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.08.021

Summary: While the classical model states reductions in central noradrenergic activity produces depression, more recent work has indicated that higher activity in this brain region directly correlates with depression. Using a dopamine-ß-hydroxlase targeted toxin to lesion the locus coeruleus of mice, along with goat-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-19) as a control, the authors found that treated animals showed increased resistance to depressive behavior in several tests. The results suggest that monoaminergic lesions are greatly affected by mouse strain, lesion size, and involvement of other neuronal systems.

Related Products: Goat IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-19)

Jeong DU, Chang WS, Hwang YS, Lee D, Chang JW (2011) Decrease of GABAergic Markers and Arc Protein Expression in the Frontal Cortex by Intraventricular 192 IgG-Saporin. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 32(1):70-78. doi: 10.1159/000330741

Summary: The authors examined the use of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) to establish a standardized model for dementia. Rats received several different doses of toxin in bilateral intraventricular injections. This injection method resulted in reliable memory impairment in a behavioral test, decreased GABAergic activity in the frontal cortex affecting spatial memory, and no change in the hippocampus. Using this technique, 8 µg of 192-IgG-SAP produced the optimal memory impairment.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Klinkenberg I, Sambeth A, Blokland A (2011) Acetylcholine and attention. Behav Brain Res 221(2):430-442. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.033

Summary: This review article summarizes studies investigating the role of acetylcholine in attention and cognition. The roles of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) and mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16) in these experiments is discussed. Acetylcholine is thought to play a top-down role in the prefrontal, parietal, and somatosensory regions; playing an important role in the control of attentional orienting and stimulus discrimination.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

Jeffry J, Kim S, Chen ZF (2011) Itch signaling in the nervous system. Physiology (Bethesda) 26(4):286-92. doi: 10.1152/physiol.00007.2011

Summary: This review examines recent work done to elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind the sensation of itch. The progress of mouse genetics has allowed the field to move beyond clinical and physiological studies, toward a better understanding of the signaling involved in nonhistaminergic itch. One study discussed used bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40) in mice to ablate GRPR-positive neurons in the dorsal horn. This lesion reduced scratching in response to pruritogens, but did not affect pain behavior‚ indicating that pain and itch use entirely different pathways.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40)

Burke PG, Neale J, Korim WS, McMullan S, Goodchild AK (2011) Patterning of somatosympathetic reflexes reveals nonuniform organization of presympathetic drive from C1 and non-C1 RVLM neurons. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301(4):R1112-R1122. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00131.2011

Summary: Some neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla are part of the circuitry that helps maintain blood pressure. This control is exerted through both feed-forward and reflex adjustment mechanisms. The authors used bilateral injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03, 24 ng per side) into the spinal cord of rats between T1 and T2 to better understand the organization of this circuitry. Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as a control. The results suggest that myelinated neurons may control baseline tone, while stressor response uses unmyelinated neurons.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)