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Pappas BA, Payne KB, Fortin T, Sherren N (2005) Neonatal lesion of forebrain cholinergic neurons: Further characterization of behavioral effects and permanency. Neuroscience 133(2):485-492. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.02.040

Summary: Neonatal rats treated with bilateral intracerebroventricular injections of 300 ng of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) showed basal forebrain cholinergic neuron loss that was still evident at 24 months of age. The authors tested the reference memory and attentional processing of these rats in a Morris water maze. The results suggest that impaired performance of the treated animals in complex maze tasks reflects reduced problem solving ability rather than a deficit in attentional processing.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Zhang RX, Wang L, Liu B, Qiao JT, Ren K, Berman BM, Lao L (2005) Mu opioid receptor-containing neurons mediate electroacupuncture-produced anti-hyperalgesia in rats with hind paw inflammation. Brain Res 1048(1-2):235-240. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.05.008

Summary: Electroacupuncture has been shown to significantly reduce inflammatory hyperalgesia. To examine whether this effect is modulated by spinal mu opioid receptors, the authors injected 400 ng of dermorphin-SAP (Cat. #IT-12) into the subarachnoid space at the level of the lumbar spinal cord of rats. The anti-hyperalgesic effect of electroacupuncture was blocked by dermorphin-SAP administration, indicating that mu opioid receptor-containing neurons are involved in this pathway.

Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12)

Smith HR, Pang KC (2005) Orexin-saporin lesions of the medial septum impair spatial memory. Neuroscience 132(2):261-271. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.12.037

Summary: The medial septum and diagonal band of Broca (MSDB) have been shown to be important for spatial learning and memory. The authors investigated the role orexin-containing neurons from the hypothalamus play in these processes. Rats were treated with three injections of 40-120 ng of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) into the MSDB. Performance in spatial working and spatial reference memory tasks indicate that orexin innvervation of the MSDB may modulate spatial memory through both GABAergic and cholinergic septohippocampal neurons.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

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Paban V, Jaffard M, Chambon C, Malafosse M, Alescio-Lautier B (2005) Time course of behavioral changes following basal forebrain cholinergic damage in rats: Environmental enrichment as a therapeutic intervention. Neuroscience 132(1):13-32. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.11.024

Summary: In this study the authors examined the effects of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) administration to the medial septum (37.5 ng/side) and nucleus basalis magnocellularis (75 ng/side) of rats. The results suggest that behavioral deficits immediately after lesioning are due to cholinergic depletion, while deficits later in life may be connected to a gradual degeneration process. Environmental enrichment had a significant positive effect on lesioned rats, indicating a level of cognitive plasticity.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Mohapel P, Leanza G, Kokaia M, Lindvall O (2005) Forebrain acetylcholine regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis and learning. Neurobiol Aging 26:939-946. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.07.015

Summary: New hippocampal neurons that are thought to be involved in memory formation are generated in the dentate gyrus (DG) throughout adulthood. In this study, rats were injected at various sites with 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01). The authors found that acetylcholine levels, which are reduced upon administration of 192-Saporin, are linked to proliferation and/or short-term survival of DG neurons, rather than long-term survival or differentiation. Cognitive defects that could be linked to the reduced number of new neurons were also observed.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Hartonian I, de Lacalle S (2005) Compensatory changes in cortical cholinergic innervation in the rat following an immunotoxic lesion. Restor Neurol Neurosci 23(2):87-96.

Summary: The ability of damaged axons to grow and functionally reinnervate damaged areas of the brain is well documented. Here the authors study this process in the context of rats lesioned with 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01). 10.5 ng of the immunotoxin was injected into the right horizontal diagonal band of Broca, and animals were examined from 2 to 24 weeks later. Although the functionality of the neuronal ingrowth was not examined, surviving neurons did extend their terminals into the denervated area.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Scattoni ML, Puopolo M, Calamandrei G, Ricceri L (2005) Basal forebrain cholinergic lesions in 7-day-old rats alter ultrasound vocalisations and homing behaviour. Behav Brain Res 161(1):169-172. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.01.011

Summary: In this study the authors examined the effects of cholinergic depletion of the basal forebrain on the establishment and maintenance of mother-pup interaction in rats. Post-natal day 7 pups were lesioned with bilateral intracerebroventricular injections of 192-Saporin (0.42 µg, Cat. #IT-01). Treated animals displayed a reduced number of ultrasonic vocalizations, as well as apparent increased difficulty in identifying the nest “boundary.” The evidence shows that early damage to basal forebrain cholinergic nuclei can influence behavior as early as the second-postnatal week.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Ridley RM, Baker HF, Leow-Dyke A, Cummings RM (2005) Further analysis of the effects of immunotoxic lesions of the basal nucleus of Meynert reveals substantial impairment on visual discrimination learning in monkeys. Brain Res Bull 65(5):433-442. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.02.025

Summary: Several studies in marmoset monkeys indicate that cholinergic projections from the NBM to specific portions of the neocortex are necessary for visual discrimination learning. By combining analysis of studies using a total of 1.4 µg of ME20.4-SAP (Cat. #IT-15) into various areas of the brain, the authors show that degeneration of cholinergic projections contributes to the loss of functions dependent on the neocortex.

Related Products: ME20.4-SAP (Cat. #IT-15)

Kuczewski N, Aztiria E, Leanza G, Domenici L (2005) Selective cholinergic immunolesioning affects synaptic plasticity in developing visual cortex. Eur J Neurosci 21(7):1807-1814. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04014.x

Summary: In this study the authors examined the role of subcortical cholinergic inputs in the regulation of plastic events in the visual cortex during early postnatal development. Four-day-old mouse pups were treated with a total of 0.4 µg of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01), using bilateral injections. Analysis of muscarinic receptor mRNA, long-term potentiation of cortex slices, and theta burst stimulation indicated that synaptic transmission and plasticity of the developing visual cortex depends on cholinergic input.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Winters BD, Bussey TJ (2005) Removal of cholinergic input to perirhinal cortex disrupts object recognition but not spatial working memory in the rat. Eur J Neurosci 21(8):2263-2270. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04055.x

Summary: The perirhinal cortex of the temporal lobe is crucial to object recognition memory. The authors examined the role of cholinergic input from the basal forebrain in this process. Rats were injected bilaterally with 0.2 µl of 0.02 µg/µl 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) into 3 sites of the perirhinal cortex, and tested in object recognition and spatial working memory tasks. Spatial working memory remained intact, but object recognition was impaired, indicating a specific function for cholinergic input to the perirhinal cortex.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)