targeted-toxins

Bitzenhofer SH, Hanganu-Opatz IL (2014) Oscillatory coupling within neonatal prefrontal-hippocampal networks is independent of selective removal of GABAergic neurons in the hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 77:57-67. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.09.007 PMID: 24056266

Summary: During cognitive tasks neuronal networks are entrained by oscillatory electrical rhythms with different frequencies. It has been proposed that GABAergic neurons in the prefrontal-hippocampal networks control this processing. The authors administered 252 ng of Anti-vGAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-71) into the ventral hippocampus of rats to examine how the GABAergic neurons could be involved. Unconjugated anti-vGAT (Cat #AB-N44) was used as a control. Hippocampal sharp waves were impaired during neonatal development, but the data indicate that oscillatory coupling between the neonatal prefrontal cortex and hippocampus is not controlled by GABAergic hippocampal interneurons.

Related Products: Anti-vGAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-71), vGAT Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N44)

Gulino R, Gulisano M (2013) Noggin and Sonic hedgehog are involved in compensatory changes within the motoneuron-depleted mouse spinal cord. J Neurol Sci 332(1-2):102-109. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.06.029

Summary: Noggin (NOG) and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) are both involved in the generation and organization of neural tissues. In order to clarify the role of these two proteins in the regulation of neurogenesis and/or neuroplasticity the authors used a motoneuron depletion model in the mouse spinal cord. 3 μg of CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14) was injected into each of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles and the expression of NOG and Shh were monitored. Motor performance also correlated with NOG and Shh levels, indicating that these proteins could play roles in regeneration and functional restoration.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

da Silva EF, Freiria-Oliveira AH, Custodio CH, Ghedini PC, Bataus LA, Colombari E, de Castro CH, Colugnati DB, Rosa DA, Cravo SL, Pedrino GR (2013) A1 noradrenergic neurons lesions reduce natriuresis and hypertensive responses to hypernatremia in rats. PLoS One 8(9):e73187. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073187

Summary: Using bilateral 63-ng injections of Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into two levels of the caudal ventrolateral medulla, the authors assessed several pressor responses to infusion of hypertonic saline. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. The results suggest that medullary noradrenergic A1 neurons are involved in the regulation of some responses to acute changes in body fluid composition.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Lee YS, Danandeh A, Baratta J, Lin CY, Yu J, Robertson RT (2013) Neurotrophic factors rescue basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and improve performance on a spatial learning test. Exp Neurol 249C:178-186. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.08.012

Summary: It is thought that therapeutic treatments of the cholinergic system may be a viable treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. In order to examine this hypothesis the authors administered a total of 160 ng of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) in the form of bilateral injections into the medial septum. The lesioned animals then received 4-week infusions of nerve growth factor, neurotrophin 3, or both into the lateral ventricles. Animals treated with any neurotrophin, either alone or as a combination, retained more ChAT-positive neurons and performed better on a delayed match-to-position task than control animals. The data strengthen the theory that exogenous neurotrophic factors ameliorate the effects of Alzheimer’s disease.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Chang ST, Liu YP, Huang CL, Wang PY, Tung CS (2013) Implication of cerebral dopamine-beta hydroxylase for cardiovascular and mood regulation in rats. Chin J Physiol 56(4):209-218. doi: 10.4077/CJP.2013.BAB103

Summary: The ascending fibers affected by norepinephrine are involved in a variety of processes, including emotion, anxiety, and regulation of central autonomic outflows such as cardiovascular regulation and energy balance. The authors examined whether the loss of norephinephrine would cause autonomic failure in cardiovascular regulation. Rats received a single intraventricular injection of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03). Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. The results demonstrate that norepinephrine deficits in the brain influence reduction of excitatory responses to orthostatic stress.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Sasaki A, Adhikari S, Andoh T, Kuraishi Y (2013) BB2 bombesin receptor-expressing spinal neurons transmit herpes-associated itch by BB2 receptor-independent signaling. Neuroreport 24(12):652-656. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e32836352d8

Summary: Using a skin rash model created by inoculating mice with human herpes virus, bombesin receptor-expressing spinal neurons were lesioned intrathecally with 400 ng of Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40). Lesioned animals displayed reduced scratching, but licking (due to pain) was not reduced.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Gelfo F, Petrosini L, Graziano A, De Bartolo P, Burello L, Vitale E, Polverino A, Iuliano A, Sorrentino G, Mandolesi L (2013) Cortical metabolic deficits in a rat model of cholinergic basal forebrain degeneration. Neurochem Res 38(10):2114-2123. doi: 10.1007/s11064-013-1120-2

Summary: In this work the authors investigated the connection between cholinergic depletion caused by conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral energy metabolism deficits. Rats received a 0.4-μg injection of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Neuronal metabolic activity was measured by assaying cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity. The unilateral injection produced a bilateral deficit in CO activity throughout the cortex, and the front and parietal cortices showed CO deficits before the lesion was complete. The data suggest a link between cholinergic hypofunctionality and metabolic deficit.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Liu Y, Weick JP, Liu H, Krencik R, Zhang X, Ma L, Zhou GM, Ayala M, Zhang S (2013) Featured Article: Medial ganglionic eminence-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells correct learning and memory deficits in an NGFr-lesioned mouse model. Targeting Trends 14(3)

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

See Also:

• Liu Y et al. Medial ganglionic eminence-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells correct learning and memory deficits. Nat Biotechnol 31(5):440-447, 2013.

Helena CV, Kalil B, Anselmo-Franci JA, Bertram R (2013) Time course study of targeted ablation of KNDy neurons, but not tyrosine-hydroxylase neurons, in the rat arcuate nucleus using a neurokinin b-saporin. Endocr Rev 34:OR47-5. 95th Annual Meetin and Expo, San Francisco. doi: 10.1093/edrv/34.supp.1

Summary: Ovariectomized rats were given bilateral injections of NK3-SAP (Cat. #IT-63) into the arcuate nucleus for a time course study of KNDy neuron loss. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control.

Related Products: NKB-SAP (Cat. #IT-63), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Wenker IC, Sobrinho CR, Takakura AC, Mulkey DK, Moreira TS (2013) P2Y1 receptors expressed by C1 neurons determine peripheral chemoreceptor modulation of breathing, sympathetic activity, and blood pressure. Hypertension 62(2):263-273. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01487

Summary: Peripheral chemoreceptor activation response is mediated by catecholaminergic C1 cells in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). The authors investigated the molecular mechanisms linking this drive to increased sympathetic activity and hypertension through a variety of methods, including lesioning C1 cells in the RVLM. Rats received 4.2-ng bilateral injections of Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the RVLM. Comparison of lesioned animals to controls demonstrated that P2Y1 receptors on C1 cells in the RVLM are key components in the regulation of breathing, sympathetic nerve activity, and blood pressure.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)