targeted-toxins

Sasaki A, Adhikari S, Andoh T, Kuraishi Y (2013) BB2 bombesin receptor-expressing spinal neurons transmit herpes-associated itch by BB2 receptor-independent signaling. Neuroreport 24(12):652-656. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e32836352d8

Summary: Using a skin rash model created by inoculating mice with human herpes virus, bombesin receptor-expressing spinal neurons were lesioned intrathecally with 400 ng of Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40). Lesioned animals displayed reduced scratching, but licking (due to pain) was not reduced.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Gelfo F, Petrosini L, Graziano A, De Bartolo P, Burello L, Vitale E, Polverino A, Iuliano A, Sorrentino G, Mandolesi L (2013) Cortical metabolic deficits in a rat model of cholinergic basal forebrain degeneration. Neurochem Res 38(10):2114-2123. doi: 10.1007/s11064-013-1120-2

Summary: In this work the authors investigated the connection between cholinergic depletion caused by conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral energy metabolism deficits. Rats received a 0.4-μg injection of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Neuronal metabolic activity was measured by assaying cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity. The unilateral injection produced a bilateral deficit in CO activity throughout the cortex, and the front and parietal cortices showed CO deficits before the lesion was complete. The data suggest a link between cholinergic hypofunctionality and metabolic deficit.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Liu Y, Weick JP, Liu H, Krencik R, Zhang X, Ma L, Zhou GM, Ayala M, Zhang S (2013) Featured Article: Medial ganglionic eminence-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells correct learning and memory deficits in an NGFr-lesioned mouse model. Targeting Trends 14(3)

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

See Also:

• Liu Y et al. Medial ganglionic eminence-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells correct learning and memory deficits. Nat Biotechnol 31(5):440-447, 2013.

Helena CV, Kalil B, Anselmo-Franci JA, Bertram R (2013) Time course study of targeted ablation of KNDy neurons, but not tyrosine-hydroxylase neurons, in the rat arcuate nucleus using a neurokinin b-saporin. Endocr Rev 34:OR47-5. 95th Annual Meetin and Expo, San Francisco. doi: 10.1093/edrv/34.supp.1

Summary: Ovariectomized rats were given bilateral injections of NK3-SAP (Cat. #IT-63) into the arcuate nucleus for a time course study of KNDy neuron loss. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control.

Related Products: NKB-SAP (Cat. #IT-63), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Wenker IC, Sobrinho CR, Takakura AC, Mulkey DK, Moreira TS (2013) P2Y1 receptors expressed by C1 neurons determine peripheral chemoreceptor modulation of breathing, sympathetic activity, and blood pressure. Hypertension 62(2):263-273. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01487

Summary: Peripheral chemoreceptor activation response is mediated by catecholaminergic C1 cells in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). The authors investigated the molecular mechanisms linking this drive to increased sympathetic activity and hypertension through a variety of methods, including lesioning C1 cells in the RVLM. Rats received 4.2-ng bilateral injections of Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the RVLM. Comparison of lesioned animals to controls demonstrated that P2Y1 receptors on C1 cells in the RVLM are key components in the regulation of breathing, sympathetic nerve activity, and blood pressure.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Ariffin MZ, Chang LS, Koh HC, Low CM, Khanna S (2013) An environment-dependent modulation of cortical neural response by forebrain cholinergic neurons in awake rat. Brain Res 1513:72-84. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.03.046

Summary: Rats received 168 ng of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the medial septum and induction of c-Fos expression in response to either familiar or novel stimuli was measured.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Mishra SK, Hoon MA (2013) The cells and circuitry for itch responses in mice. Science 340(6135):968-971. doi: 10.1126/science.1233765

Summary: Although previous work implicated neurons expressing the GRP (gastrin-releasing peptide) receptor were in the pruritic, or itch pathway, transgenic mice lacking natriuretic polypeptide b (Nppb) were almost completely insensitive to itch. Using the custom conjugate Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69), the authors eliminated itch in response to a wide range of pruritic substances in normal mice through the administration of 5 μg of conjugate into the intrathecal space. Even after this lesion, the scratching response to intrathecal GRP was not changed, indicating that the role of GRP is at a later stage than previously hypothesized.

Related Products: Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69)

Lelkes Z, Porkka-Heiskanen T, Stenberg D (2013) Cholinergic basal forebrain structures are involved in the mediation of the arousal effect of noradrenaline. J Sleep Res 22(6):721-726. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12061

Summary: Wakefulness is enhanced by the injection of noradrenaline into the basal forebrain, but it has not been clear whether cholinergic or non-cholinergic neurons are involved. 230 ng of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) was administered to the horizontal diagonal band/substantia innominata/ magnocellular preoptic nucleus of rats. Upon treatment with methoxamine, lesioned animals lost the non-REM sleep-suppressing effect, but the REM sleep-suppressing effect remained intact.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Gratz IK, Truong HA, Yang SH, Maurano MM, Lee K, Abbas AK, Rosenblum MD (2013) Cutting Edge: memory regulatory t cells require IL-7 and not IL-2 for their maintenance in peripheral tissues. J Immunol 190(9):4483-4487. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300212

Summary: Recently a new class of regulatory T cells (mTregs) were found that persist in non-lymphoid tissues and are involved in suppressing autoimmune responses. In order to examine the roles that IL-2 and IL-7 play in the development and regulation of mTregs, the authors used genetic deletion, adoptive T-cell transfer, and in vivo neutralization techniques. 5 μg of intravenous OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02) per mouse was used to deplete CD90.1-positive cells during the adoptive transfer experiment. It was found that IL-7 is essential for the steady-state maintenance of mTregs in skin.

Related Products: OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02)

Roland J, Janke K, Servatius R, Pang K (2014) GABAergic neurons in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca (MSDB) are important for acquisition of the classically conditioned eyeblink response. Brain Struct Funct 219:1231-1237. doi: 10.1007/s00429-013-0560-4

Summary: The medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca (MSDB) are both important for learning and memory. There are strong connections between these two areas, and damage to one or the other can result in differing dysfunctions. The authors investigated how damage to GABAergic neurons in the MSDB affect acquisition of delay classical conditioning of the eyeblink response (CCER). Rats received 162 ng of GAT-1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32) into the medial septum and 130 ng of GAT-1-SAP into each diagonal band. Treated animals displayed impaired initial acquisition of the eyeblink response, indicating that MSDB GABAergic neurons modulate delay CCER – a task that is not dependent on the hippocampus.

Related Products: GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32)